tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48621349148620320542024-02-20T11:06:36.914-08:00CSI TodayMy site consists of many techniques of Crime Investigation that can help Investigators while doing criminal investigations. It has detailed information about the fields of Police Enforcement and their work opportunities.
This Blog site is a good reference for the procedures of everyday investigations and allows for a deep understanding of many situations that an CSI may enter.Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.comBlogger87125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-12824578951547451292023-08-21T11:40:00.000-07:002023-08-21T11:40:31.963-07:00News<iframe width="480" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/xNXR7_e-YOk" frameborder="0"></iframe>Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-30735300775981075442020-01-14T07:02:00.001-08:002020-01-14T07:32:55.042-08:00Buy CSI TODAY Series 2 for 5.73 at Kindle<div id="ebooksSitbLogo" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; height: 19px; left: 139.5px; position: relative; top: 10px; width: 99px;">
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-30454522924043346572017-12-13T15:39:00.001-08:002017-12-13T16:11:05.946-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: black; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 107%;">CSI
Today</span><span style="color: #9cc2e5; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">CSI Today
Series, Is a blog that has been transgressed into a readable book. Some blog
related items remain to make this book have an interesting look. All expressed attributes
are copy written under Amazon.com and the author Ron Damon Young, MSCJ. If you
have any questions or would like to contact the Writer, they can be reached at </span></span><a href="mailto:ryoung114@yahoo.com"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">ryoung114@yahoo.com</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">ISBN-13: 978-1977675866<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">ISBN-10: 1977675867<o:p></o:p></span></div>
CSI TODAY<a href="https://www.amazon.com/CSI-Today-1/dp/1977675867" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">CSI Today</a>Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-81628329517744670872017-10-20T22:08:00.001-07:002017-10-20T22:21:41.272-07:00Try my new book out<p dir="ltr"><br>
CSI Today by Author Ron Young <u>MSCJ</u></p>
<p dir="ltr">It is on <a href="http://www.Amazon.com">www.Amazon.com</a></p>
Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-53687487227561744232016-07-12T13:52:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:45:26.722-07:00Justification for the Probation Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Justification for the Probation
Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">By Ron Young </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Justification for the Probation
Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Un-cool<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ron Young<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
study, “Justification for the Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia
Cool and Un-cool”, was performed by Norfolk University in Virginia</span>,
(Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
This report analyzes probation and how comfortable the residents of Virginia
are with it</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The study deals with sentencing justification, deterrence,
in-compacitation , and rehabilitation. The study was provided as a telephone
survey of 840 registered voters to acquire information on three topics. The
first question asks,” How often would they recommend the probation sanction in
comparison to other forms of sanctions</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The second question asks,” How do
they justify the sanction relative to justifications for other sanctions?”. The
third question asks,” Are their justifications and sentencing recommendations
consistent across crimes”</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The aim for these three questions is to prove that
probation sanctions are the correct decision for the justification of
sentencing laws that are provided by the state</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Justifications of punitive measure
for the crimes include specific deterrence, general deterrence, retribution,
and rehabilitation</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The punitive measures include keeping the offender from
committing another crime, keep others from committing the same crime, punish
the offender, and treatment of the offender to prevent them from committing the
crime</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Justification for
the study, “Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool”,
allots for Virginia residents to choose whether or not the judicial system is
doing their job</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The major question is if sentencing laws are making a mark
in stopping and preventing crime</span>, (Payne et al, 2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Criminals
usually think they can get away with specific crimes because they are not as
serious as other crimes committed by most offenders. The “Justification for the
Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool”, study follows
proper laws and procedures, sentencing rules for these laws include safety laws
given to corporations to keep them true to violations that oppose the quality
of work, other laws include drunk driving and drug usage</span>, (Payne et al,
2003)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Is the sentencing
proper across the board for corporations that do not follow proper OSHA laws
that enforce safety for those that work on job sites that require helmets,
welding shields, chemical outfits, and debris clearance, such as moving trash
is one of the question asked in the study, (Alarid, 2013),
p. 325, para. 5. Other justifications of crime include drug usage and
the sentencing regulations for enforcing regulations for usage and distribution.
Are these regulations enforced properly or do they need to make the regulations
more strict. The citizens are queried to
answer if the current laws actually keep recidivism away or do they need
rehabilitation services to complete the sentencing before probation is offered.
In many cases such as the cause of death, sentencing laws are not standardized
because death is a more serious offence than that of someone who has simply
committed a crime that no one else is hurt by.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Looking
into data can explain about how the area is doing. In the case of the state
doing well or not the state happens to be funded by the federal government this
means that the federal government actually provides sentencing laws that do not
relate to each other. The reasoning behind the sentencing is that drug,
driving, and white-collar crimes are treated differently by the courts. The
differences between the levels of punishment for sentencing of the crime vary
because of the veracity of the crime. If death is involved this automatically
turns what may seem to be a low-level crime into a high-level crime. The
example used is drunk driving and death caused by drunk driving the penalty for
drinking and driving may be a max of five years. The penalty for drinking and
driving and manslaughter could be a max of forty-five years. Knowing that the
act was not intentional then they may lower the penalty by allowing work
programs and possible probation. They could lower the penalty to twenty-five
years and work service as a speaker that explains to High school students about
how drunk driving can kill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
evaluators also want to find out how the public’s cultural values, beliefs,
morals, and norms affect the sentencing procedure</span>, (Payne et al, 2003). <span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They have found by other studies that the values seem
to change in states with big cities and other states that mostly consist of
rural and country areas. For example, New York State being larger than Virginia
and having a larger population would have lower stipulations for lesser crimes.
Crimes such as drug usage in New York would have lower punishments because of
its large metropolis being New York City. In New York the fines and probation
regulations would be lesser than the ones of Virginia simply because New York
is a larger state than Virginia. Virginia has a couple of smaller cities that
are not as large as New York City is, such as Arlington and Richmond, this
means the values in New York of course would be lower than the ones in Virginia
because of the surplus populace of New York. Having a larger state with more
residence changes the ratio that in turn usually lowers the cultural values,
beliefs, morals, and norms.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Graphs included with
the study that show results <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Table 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E.
(2003) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sample Demographics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5aRvRPV7OI6OQ__ChN4l-5qI6N86H6FxSd7DV9vkJel_u2Dbf5W5rEG4iCHUBc6Oum8O1zaHfK3ru4_GwAIO6QWREc7Wo_-qogzd9CqEGqsFQVXKnL6BQC6gyRUvWZ-7LiZrXuzINkos/s1600/Virginia_Study.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5aRvRPV7OI6OQ__ChN4l-5qI6N86H6FxSd7DV9vkJel_u2Dbf5W5rEG4iCHUBc6Oum8O1zaHfK3ru4_GwAIO6QWREc7Wo_-qogzd9CqEGqsFQVXKnL6BQC6gyRUvWZ-7LiZrXuzINkos/s320/Virginia_Study.jpg" width="183" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E.
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<span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Alarid , Leanne F. (2013). Community Based Corrections Ninth
edition, <i>University of Texas, San Antonio</i>,
<i>Wadesworth, Cengage Learning
20 Davis Drive Belmont , CA 94002-3098 USA,</i> p. 325, para 5.<span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K.,
Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003). Justifications for
the probation sanction among residents of virginia-cool or un-cool?*.<i>
Federal Probation, 67</i>(3), 42-48. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/213981149?accountid=34544 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K.,
Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 3. Sample
Demographics <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K.,
Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 4. Recommended
Sanctions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Payne, B. K.,
Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 5. Sanctions
by Punishment <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-54265376562884113972016-03-23T17:14:00.005-07:002020-03-10T05:45:49.589-07:00Organization Conflict <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-size: large;"> Organization Conflict </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Organizational
Behavior <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">May 13, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organization Conflict </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Traditional view of conflict was that
conflict is considered to be <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bad and
needed to be resolved as soon as possible. Conflict was considered to be
negative viewed by bad attitudes destructive actions and irate actions that
made organizations dysfunctional. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">According to Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Organized
Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</span></em>,” </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conflict was a dysfunctional outcome resulting from poor
communication, a lack of openness and trust between people, and the failure of
managers to be responsive to the needs and aspirations of their employees”,
this means that a lack of corporate intervention causes conflict. Conflicts can
end up in dangerous interactions such as fights, threats, public disorder and
all other kinds of trouble. When faced with conflict the Management should be
included in the problem, this way you have a mediator who can solve your
problems. Conflict is difficult to avoid, in most cases when there is a
situation that cannot be resolved both parties are removed from their area of
work and placed at different time schedules or in different areas of the work
place. Conflict causes people in the workforce to become uneasy and uptight
with each other. In specific instances the employees click up into a team that
goes against the other employee or manager that they dislike. In extreme instances,
people are fired and then they have to find a place of employment. Improved
group and organization performance may help against traditional conflict in the
work place Robins & Judge (2013).Poorly paid employees may have more
problems with conflict than employees that are paid more. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human Relations Conflict involves
relations between humans. The environment can produce personnel conflict that
effect the corporation as a whole. An example of human relations conflict would
be the conflict between a high ranked Police Officer who works nights and a
lower ranked Police Officer works days. The high ranked Corporal Police Officer
asked the lower ranked PFC Police Officer to change shifts. The lower ranked
PFC told the higher ranked Corporal that he was not willing to change shifts.
This made the higher ranked Corporal Police Officer angry at the lower ranked
PFC Police Officer. In return for not exchanging shifts, the Corporal poured
bleach into the lower PFC’s locker and ruined his uniform. The two knew who did
it, but the Police Officers at the Police station thought that the Corporal
took the correct choice of action. The PFC thought this was not the proper way
for the higher ranked Corporal to display his anger at him so he broke the
Corporals window to his SUV. Yesterday they saw each other in the locker room
and got into a pushing match. The Chief saw them get into it with each other
and called them in the office for counseling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">According to Robbins,
Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Organized Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</span></em>,”</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The Interactionist view that conflict
can stimulate active discussion without spilling over into negative, disruptive
emotions is incomplete”, p.448, p. 449.This theory assumes that all conflict is
good and produces a positive outcome after the parties involved have settled
their differences. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An example of interaction conflict is a
Police trainer the shows the Police Officers the best way to handle a house
check. Jimmy the SWAT team leader warned Jay about teaching the cadets to first
look through a window to find out where sealants would be in the house. Jimmy
used to follow that process and look through the window first. One time a gun
man was at the window and Jimmy got stuck under the window<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ceil while the sealant fired at the other two
SWAT members Jimmy said he was never so embarrassed in his life. Jay called a
conference with Jimmy and they are talking over new procedures for handling
house checks for sealants. After<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>talking
to Jimmy now the SWAT team keeps a person at the rear of the house just in case
a back door is involved. The other change, which was the one that Jimmy wanted
was no looking through windows during a house entry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A functional conflict is one where
everyone profits from the conflict. A the Police Chief named<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul finds out that the Police squad car<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that is being bought next month has only 1/8
inch thick steel and it needs to be 4/8 inch thick to protect against gun shots.
They figure that the Police Officer that is requesting the change is the Chief
but the Commander is the head of the department that purchases vehicles for
Annandale County Police department. The Captain said he would not buy the 4/8
inch thick steel vehicles because it is 3 square feet larger and has a higher
grade engine, with a larger wheel base. The 4/8 inch thick medal will cost the
department 3 million more dollars to maintain and buy. The Captain also
complained about the fact if he buys a bigger Police cruiser it would cost 1.2
million dollars more in gas alone. The Police cruisers are sold from Chevy so
the Commander called a meeting with the auto dealer Fitzgerald Chevy in
Annandale County. They made a deal for five years 12 million dollars Chevy
gives them the 4/8 thick steel and V8 engine for 3 million less than cost. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An example of a dysfunctional conflict
is one where a vest maker named Marksmanship Corporation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they make nylon teflon bulletproof vests but
have a problem merchandising them to hunters. They only sold them at gun shops
when the Marksmanship Corporation stock went to an all time low the corporate
manager Robert Dewy started to hire instead of fire employees. Robert Dewy
owner of the corporation hired merchandising experts to push his product to
retail stores, Police forces, and Government contractors. After making changes
to the vest to including velcro name and badge information placers they
reconstructed the bullet-proofed jackets to possibly have sappy plates
installed to stop high powered rifles. This hiring of marketing professionals
was a major conflict with the executives because the corporation was losing
money at the time they were hired. They thought this would make the corporation
loss more money but instead Marksmanship Corporation has become one of the
largest tactical corporations in the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A. (2013). <i>Organized
Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</i>, p. 379, p. 382 Pearson Education,
Inc. Published as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey, 07458<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Institute of Management (IIM), Executive White Paper retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.iim-du.org/dysfunctionalleadershipdysfunctionalorganizations/index.htm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iim-du.org/dysfunctionalleadershipdysfunctionalorganizations/index.htm</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-10740056591418228592016-03-23T17:12:00.001-07:002020-03-10T05:46:16.606-07:00 Leadership: Organizational Behavior <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Leadership </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ron Young<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Organizational Behavior <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">May 06, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">According to Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Organized
Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</span></em>,<span style="color: black;"> “The
Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on
the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation
gives the leader control”, P. 373. The foundation of the Fiedler’s contingency
model is set around three fundamental traits leader, task structure, and
position power</span> Frydenberg & Reevy (2011), p.29. <span style="color: black;">The first being leader, the leader represents the degree of
witch confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader Robbins &
Judge, p.372. Confidence separates good from great leaders. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">An example would include an analysis of Ronald Regan and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barack Obama, they are both political figures
that both deserve respect for their leadership skills if the President was not
confident in their social and media skills then they would not be able to speak
well thus communicating with the public in a format that sounds unsure. If the
President is unsure during a major disaster then their followers and Government
officials would not take orders from the higher politicians. The Secretary of
Defense, Military, Senate, Congress, and Presidential Advisory Board all would
develop a inattentive style of treating the President as if he is not in charge
of his own Government. This not being sure in serious situations can be
disastrous for the President when time is an element of true virtue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">In order to be an effective leader your siblings must trust you. Without
trust you cannot be an effective leader the group will not meet expectations
and goals. An effective leader is one that is very trust worthy understanding.
Those that do not allow others to conference their work to evaluate which
systematic processes are engineered better than others make it hard to achieve
team goals and proper end results. Efficiency has much to do with effective
leadership and trust. Making sure that projects are assigned to the correct
personnel such as a Police Chief assigning informative confidential information
to a Detective that needs to know what an informer said to the Secret Police.
If the Detective was not trusted, they wouldn’t be involved and their not being
involved could cause a major problem when they go to make an arrest, the arrest
could possibly go wrong if the Detectives did not know that the suspects were
heavily armed. Lack of trust can lead Police Officers down a dangerous road
that can put their whole team in grave danger. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Respect is earned when dealing with leadership. The aspect of leadership
allows for others to respect your decision making. Being respected by others is
a necessary trait the leader must be respected by others before they are able
to lead. Bad leaders lose respect because they do disrespectful acts. Holding
your head up high makes a big difference in the way people perceive who you
are. Being disrespected by the ones that work under you takes away from your
status as a leader. Leaders must maintain a certain degree of precedence that
they are assigning tasks that require being done and the group as a whole has
to be able to finish all of their assigned tasks. If they do not respect the
leader of the group then the tasks that you have assigned may not be held to as
high of a standard as what the supervisors would think of as acceptable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Explaining low stress situation and which would be the best method for
dealing with a problem either intelligent or experienced I choose experienced
because they have most likely already dealt with the problem at hand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">During the issue of finding, a person that has stolen a car an
intelligent person would be the best to solve such a crime. During criminal
analysis fingerprints, evidence, hair, DNA and other aspects have to be analyzed.
The spot of where the vehicle was sitting, what was used to break into the
vehicle, how many people participated in the breaking in to the car. When,
where, what, how, who, and why all have to be answered before finding the
missing vehicle. So the Project Leader or lead Detective would first ask the
owner for his license and vehicle registration. Second they would ask when was
the last time they saw the vehicle. Third what kind of descriptive information
can they provide about the vehicle. Fourth the Detective would ask if there
were witnesses to find out how many people were involved with the stealing of
the vehicle. Fifth the Detective would ask who would steal the vehicle and find
out who is responsible for stealing the vehicle in order to find the suspect.
Sixth the Detectives would find out why did they take the vehicle this
information would most likely be explained in court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this situation, an intelligent person
would need to analyze the information while the rest of the team searches for
the vehicle. In order to have a complete knowledge of what stage your team is
on one must have some kind of overall intelligence. Another case comes up and
it happens to be a chase of a robber. In this case having driving experience
would help the situation, the Police Office could figure out how to capture the
suspect. Experience would tell the Police Officer that is in charge, to chase
the suspect forcing them to go to well known roads that they may be able to
place spikes or road blocks on. While the Police Officer was radioing in, the
car goes toward the interstate and the Police Office in the chase calls ahead
to block the entrance to the high way and then has them put spikes in front of
a closed in area just ahead. This maneuvering is all form experience that came
from training camp and real life chase experiance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">An example of Transformational Leadership would be a Senor Officer such
as a Sergeant teaching a young Cadet Private the ropes of being a Police
Officer. They would take them out and then teach them the way to fill out
reports, handle situations, and finish his or her rout safely. Transformation
is taking on a new cadet and teaching them to do your job by example, such as
showing them exactly what to do thus transferring information and skill to the
new employee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A. (2013). <i>Organized
Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</i>, p. 379, p. 382 Pearson Education,
Inc. Published as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey, 07458<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Frydenberg, E., &
Reevy, G. (2011). <i>Personality, Stress, and Coping : Implications for
Education</i>. p. 29 Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-28935437372981037912016-03-23T17:07:00.001-07:002020-03-10T05:47:31.338-07:00Theoretical Contemporary Criminology<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Theoretical
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<span style="font-size: large;">December 15, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Theoretical contemporary criminology involves the views of
past and new analysis scientist and analysis alike test subjects to figure out
their mental capacity. How fare can a person go before they become violent, why
do people commit crime, what type of people commit crime, how do people respond
to situations, and what are the controls that make people civilized are some of
the theoretical studies that produce information that explains why a person
reacts to a situation in the way that they do. The first type of theoretical
exploration of crime came from spirituality. In the middle ages, lords ruled
over the lands and proposed that the laws were met by spiritual reconciliation.
The people lived by the laws made by the community that followed rules within
their religion. These rules made up of reading that have been pasted down from
generation to generation required full belief in the religion that they
followed most of their rules were punishable by capital punishments that showed
the public what happens to you if you break the laws. Most of these laws have
value in our society today. In retrospect, the laws had to made more complex
because the communities they served became larger. Our modern prison system was
actually built around spiritual beliefs of separating the bad from the good as
a punishment. In<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seventeen nineties the
Quakers made up the concept of isolation by only providing a bible the Quakers
made the first prisons. Later after many unanswered questions, the theorist
started to become festinated with the way criminals think. Newer more
explanative studies revealed contemporary methodology that had more precise
demonstrations of why civilians commit crime. The main ideals that exaggerated
why criminals commit crime are rational choice, deterrence theory, economic
model of crime, routine activity theory, cultural conflict theory and
subculture theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rational
choice this theory was created by Derrick Cornish and Ronald Clark. Rational
choice theory explains how a citizen makes decisions by their situation,
influenced by others that are considered to be close to the one that is making
the decision. Rational choice theory is classified as Neoclassical theory
because of its manner of decision making. This theory explains why people make
certain decisions. When faced with an illegal act the ration choice theory has
a positive outlook and a negative outlook. When making decisions there are many
different there are many different choices to choose from positive and
negative. The surroundings, personal background, friends, family, religion,
schooling, social being, economic stability and geographical location all sway
the decision making process explaining how one may react to situations that
occur to do wrong. Other factors of Rational Choice theory include the intent
or reason why one might benefit from a criminal act that allows the decision
maker to think of how they may be rewarded for the crime they commit. Rational
choice also recognizes the reasoning behind breaking the law and what might
happen if they were to be caught. The way a person learns can also be a great
factor within the rational choice theory if a person is mentally ill or have a
learning disorder this will affect the learning process making it hard for them
to comprehend wrong from right. Mental disorders can range from schizophrenia
to manic pain disorder. These types of disorders and sicknesses can spark a
person to do many wrong things including committing homicide and suicide.
Mental disorders will most likely disturb the decision maker. Many people do
not recognize mental disorders due to the complexity that they present.
Mentally ill people look and act just like the ones without mental disorders
most likely it takes an event to make them uneven. It has been found that there
are also those who are thrill seekers. This type of person does anything to
spark adrenalin. The adrenalin rush makes them go further than others to
produce this chemical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many lifetime
criminals participate in crime for two reasons the adrenalin rush and peer
pressure. Peer pressure can make for a large amount of problematic issues when
the criminal is involved with groups of people such as gang relations the
choice to commit crime is ultimately up to the person who is tempted to commit
the crime. Peer pressure makes it harder for the subject to back out of
committing the crime. Rationalizing criminal activity is a difficult task to
take on. When dealing with rational choice theory the subject is considered to
be a threat that has to determine what choice to make. When confronted with an
opportunity the rational choice theory makes the delivery of thought bringing the
capacity of intent to the question of is there a reason that a person may make
decisions that do. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deterrence
theory suggests that the decision making process is made upon the rules and
laws thus keeping the possible criminal from committing the crime. The harsher
the punishment the punishment the less likely the possible criminal will commit
a crime. Steep punishments are for more server crimes. Crimes that include
homicides, rape, intent to kill, and intent to cause bodily harm are some
crimes that bring on more server punishments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>People make decisions that rectify their reasoning this rational choice
deterrence goes further than that it deters criminals from committing crime on
a large scale. The greater he punishment the more the punishment the more they
are to follow the rules and regulations in the area that they live. Severity of
the laws has proven over history to be an effective way of deterring
crime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The police presence and
intervention makes a large difference in the community. During the Kansas City
Missouri, police study the removal and addition of police presence did not stop
criminal activity. Overtime the crime rate will plummet thus reducing the
percentage of crime. Analysis found that lenient rules promote more crime
because arrestees receive less punishment. Being at the midpoint of
neoclassical theory deterrence theory revolutionized the way politicians made
rules. Before the deterrence theory it was mandated that people follow the
rules or be imprisoned most prison sentencing was for the actual crime and the
intent of the crime its self. After the deterrence theory, the intent of the
crime became just as important as the crime being committed. In most cases by
using the method of deterrence, they found that many criminals were stopped while
committing crime. This type of proactive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>policing causes many to view the police force as being more commutative
rather than responding to a police call they simply hired more police officers
to patrol the most dangerous areas. Specific studies have concluded that the
rise in prison time and the crime rate both intertwine Analysis have proven
that the more prison time a criminal may receive the higher rate of reduction
occurred. The deterrence theory also suggested that retribution be used to deter
crime. Giving harsher penalties in the form of retribution such as community
service can drastically reduce petty theft. Being placed under community
service is not only embarrassing but also a hard won fact that if you trade
work for criminal activity that the criminal would choose a different reward
for their efforts. Retribution can cause many problems within the prison system
especially if the prisoners do not want to participate in the activities that
are assigned to them. This none –participation could lead to more sever prison
punishments. Just deserts is a policy that elaborates that those who commit
crime deserve to be punished. Under this model many are incarcerated longer
sentencing times for petty crimes. This type of sentencing keeps repeat offenders
away thus reducing the recidivism rate. When faced with harsh penalties one
might think twice before committing a crime. A smaller criminal act may not be
worth trouble. In evaluation most people are rationalized thinkers as the
justice model shows, if the propose of committing their crime is lesser than
what the benefits are then the subject would change their idealism. A great
deal of their time is spent contemplating if their situation is worth
committing crime over. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
economic model of crime theory explains that when a person is confronted with
the same alternatives they will commit the same acts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within the economic model, they propose that
people that are in the lower commit more crime than people that are middle
class or higher class. In fact this is not true most lower class stick together
during hard times while middle and higher class separate. In most situations,
those that are found not to have a placement are usually mentally ill. With
polices of schizophrenia, Hyper Attention Disorder, Emotional stress disorder,
manic headache disorder such as brain tumors, anger disorder,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and other mental illnesses that are sure come
from the extent of child hood rearing. Some disorders are reconcilable while most
disorders are considered medical with only medications to slow down the process
of brain malfunction. The mentally ill gradually declining in mental stability
most mentally unstable subjects commit crimes because of loss of control rather
than planed intent. Economic stability is one part of crime that will never go
away. When a person feels they are understated or left behind the economic
winds have passed them by they tend to commit crime as a way to survive. Only a
hand full of subjects are actually made to be life time criminals simply because
of the stress and pressure of having authority over an area. The criminal
calculates what they should do in this type of situation they most often
calculate the same when presented the same situation. In the economic model of
crime, theory most people located in a specific community will commit the same
crime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Routine
activities theory, also called RAT suggests that people tend to make a routine
out of criminal actions. Routine activities theory created by Lawrence E. Cohen
and Marcus Felson explains why criminal delinquency occurs in specific places
under the same conditions. The motivation, targets, and absence of possible
guardians against violations help possible offenders make their decisions on
whether to be delinquent or not. Interest in ones possible criminal
self-motivation to become a offender succeeding to criminal activity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many motivational individuals may break laws
to trend with the people around them. The value of the criminal act is measured
by how much energy is spent on the assault or the subsequent crime may be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The deterrence of breaking the law includes
burglar alarms, auto alarms, guards, surveillance cameras, lights, gates, open
uncovered spaces. All of these protect possible victims from being sought after
by criminals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Routine criminal activity
makes the public aware that there is a problem with their security that allows
the place or type of people that are being sought after. This situation calls
for special attention by the police department because of the severity of the
situation at hand. Most likely, the reported criminals have recidivism they
have been put in jail or prison before and are released to the same situation
that they were in before being incarcerated. Having the same friends, family
members, groupings, social background as before committing a crime the routine
criminal will most likely strike in the same places that they had struck
before. Routinely burglarizing, robbing, and selling illicit drugs is a way of
life for these types. Routine activities theory focuses on predatory violators
that are usually perpetrators of victims. Routine activities focus on the
redundancy of crime rather than criminals themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "meridien-roman" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;">criminologist Thorsten Sellin the creator of Culture Conflict
theory he suggested that all societies have normalized propaganda that change
from each cultural background. Sellin noticed changes the laws from one culture
to the next. What may be against the law in one culture may not be against the
law in another. Persons who posses power within the community are able to
control the conduct of norms. Powerful people make rules up that suite their
type of living style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the area is
extended with the controllers laws they then take over another area in most
cases causing conflict with the old leader. When members of one cultural group
migrate to another, the cultural code is broken to adapt to the others rules
and laws. The evolution of our own culture explains that the origin changes as
they take over other cultures. Sellin uses American Indians as an example
because of their laws and rules. American Indians lived in America before
Europeans where able to cross the Atlantic Ocean when the first settlers made
home in James Town in 1607 the Indians were already their Thanks giving was a
feast to commemorate the hard times that the Plymouth colony in 1620 had when
they first landed and the Indians taught them how to survive in their new
environment. Secondary conflicts such as morals and laws made as the Europeans
took over the made the Indians have to adapt or move away. This made many
American Indians distained from Europeans and eventually retaliate causing the
great Indian wars. The Europeans ways of business producing liquor, and
shipping of goods conflicted with the Indians simple life of migration.
Eventually the American Indians had to either move to a region of their own or
fight for their land. They ended up fighting for their land. Since the European
could not stand having the Indians in their culture, they then found a way that
both the American Indians and the Europeans descendants could be happy that was
by making reserves for the American Indians to live on. This is an excellent
example of secondary conflict it explains about culture and what happens when
two cultures do not agree with one another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Culture conflict theory provides boundaries such as New York and
immigrants the original New Yorkers thought of immigrants as not as worthy as
the first settlers that settled the United States in the sixteen hundreds to
the eighteen hundreds. The early settlers complained that the newer nineteen
hundred immigrants were taking over the area and the city grew during the
nineteen twenties even though work became scarce and everyone blamed it on
immigration. While still trying to join in to the normalized crowd the nineteen
twenties immigrants started to form gangs and especially the Italians. The laws
were made stricter to counter the cultural differences of the original settlers
and the new immigrants. As time proceeded, the abolishment of liquor became the
result of unruly behavior of the city. Gang violence still increased as illegal
liquor sales and gambling became the norm in the city. The police force was
increased to keep away violence, vandals, and thieves. The rules continued to
change placing call boxes at corners during the great depression and the
industrial revolution police communications changed as the CB radio took effect
and proactive community policing became the norm. After many years, they found
that the immigrants that had first settled in the early nineteen hundreds help
build the city while the ones that came during the great depression had a
distorted view of America and what stood for. Not formulating to the style of
diplomacy that their earlier ancestors had taken on by building the city the
later immigrants and the earlier children of the poor immigrants joined to
produce crime syndicates. This taking over the city of New York is still in
effect today, each area was segregated by individuals from each country they
used to live in, these block wars have calmed down but the cultural differences
still remains. The subculture of violence theory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was made by Wolfgang in 1958 this theory
presents the logic of racism in the world especially black and white Americans.
The equality of each citizen was measured by Wolfgang on each subculture this
study explains what each subculture is able to get away with without being
harmed by civilians in the communities they lived in. Wolfgang studied cases of
homicide and found that in the subculture of his dwelling in Philadelphia in
the nineteen fifties that whites were able to murder blacks but not the
opposite way around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The proper gander
was that in his time period blacks had no supporting groups that made it hard
for whites to murder blacks. This is not true in today’s culture that follows
laws in a strict manner but in the nineteen fifties if a black murdered a white
this became a personal matter that was handled by the local citizens rather
than the police and public authorities. Wolfgang found that the crime was
measured differently between whites and blacks if a black was to steal from
another black this was looked upon as being a none prosecutable offense<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but if a black was to steal from a white it
was considered as a highly dangerous area for the black to be. In most cases,
this is not as truthful today as it was sixty-five years ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This theory had many problems with it because
even though wolf gang explains cultural indifference he had little clerical
value and no subjects to test his theory on. Later they revised Wolfgang’s
theory and it was called the Subcultural theory code of the streets in, this
theory Elijah Anderson 1994 discovered that instead of cultures being defined
as skin color classification that grouping of people were at fault for
discrimination against one another. Anderson found that the discriminative
groups were not well-educated citizens but the ones that found their selves in
hard times while they saw other groups in better situations than themselves.
Discriminating against those who are not like themselves but may have a better
educational background and a higher social class made the lower class who was
socially known as the norm to become more or less discriminative of the higher
class none citizens blaming them for taking away their rights to live
comfortable. These analysis help explain about how the systematic process of
Subcultural Theory came to being by groupings in the streets defining them as
hate groups and people with antisocial skills. These groups are traditional
opposed by the police and find ways to avoid policies and regulations that
allow Americans to have equal rights. Anderson explains that hate groups do not
simply exist between races but also sex, religion, and beliefs. There has
been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>related instances between
communities and police such as the Brown<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>case that started when a police officer used over excessive force on a
teenager that made the community riot and cause destruction in New Orleans
where a Police officer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shot and killed
Michael Brown a high school student for stealing from a local convenience
shop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These controversies will never
cease to exist but our views, laws, rights, and protections can possibly stop
racially inclined tension. The goal of police is to stop criminals from
committing crime they have to be proactive in communities that accept crime and
responsive in areas that have less crime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "meridien-roman" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Charles R.
Tittle (2014). </span>Criminal Justice Volume 1, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change </span>Theoretical
Development Criminology <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_1/02b.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_1/02b.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;">Lisa
Landis Murphy, decoding crime Explanations for Criminal Behavior Chapter 3
Mcgraw Hill
http://www.ablongman.com/html/productinfo/glick/images/61832_CH03_058-085-r.pdf</span><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bernard , Thomas J. & Engel, Robin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S. (2013). ARTICLES CONCEPTUALIZING CRIMINAL JUSTICE
THEORY <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Conceptualizing_CJ_Theory.pdf"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Conceptualizing_CJ_Theory.pdf</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h1 style="margin: 0.67em 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="a-size-large"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Williams III, Franklin P. & McShane, Marilyn D. (2013)
Criminological Theory (6th Edition)</span></span><span class="a-size-medium"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> higher
education</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Pearson Prentices hall, Upper Saddle River New
Jersey, 07458<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-4671613203710205742016-03-23T17:03:00.002-07:002020-03-10T05:47:15.243-07:00 The Future of Juveniles Prevention <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Future of Juveniles Prevention</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ron Young<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Critical
Issues In Juvenile Justice <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">May 05, 2015 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Future of Juveniles Prevention</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">An analysis of skills in detention
centers Washington County has programs that explain problems with the juvenile
detention center, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>.
This program helps juveniles build skills as writer’s, specialized teachers
developed a program that gives the students a helping hand at writing and
writing skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>.
First, they placed a survey that took quotas of which juveniles would be
interested in building their writing skills. The survey took 25 minutes to
complete the juveniles answered question such as a sample statement of I enjoy
writing, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. The
assessment was placed on the Likert scale which is a five point scale ranging
from strongly agree to strongly disagree, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">After performing the initial test
the juvenile’s quality of writing was measured by a number of questions about
how they perform during and their writing skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014)</span>. After two weeks spent in the writing class the
students participated in an interview and a qualitive open ended survey, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014).</span>The results showed that
the writing skills of the students were very low and they tend to answer
undecided while a higher number were negative towards the building writing
skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014).</span>This meant
most Juveniles are not enthusiastic about writing, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Most Juveniles in the Washington
county Juvenile facility were assisted being moderate writers while they are
enthusiastic about being published many did not have the skills to write well, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. They instead had moderate
writing skills that left an opportunity to improve upon writing skills by
attending a workshop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The study proved
that most Juveniles did not receive the education needed to excel in life, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014). </span>The study proved that
when someone comments positively about the students writing that they seem
write more and improve the quality of writing which means that they have not
been positively touched by teachers to excel while in juvenile detention or at
school, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. This study
proves that rehabilitation works when a counselor takes time out to show they
care about the quality of life of the juvenile detention teens, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. Although many of the
juvenile were below average in academic skills, they still stuck out the
writing courses many were assigned as moderate writer by the end of the class
the ones that thought they wrote well ended up in the same boat as the ones
that thought they wrote poorly. This may have been because of academic literacy
was not enforced among the teens and they tend to improve during the 3 month
period of the writing class, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian,
2014).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The future looked bleak with the
new design of detention centers taking over and staffing that has to be well
qualified. More than none we have found that the simplest effects of juvenile
detention has become more than just a line of work but a duty that only some
people poses the skills and patients to be qualified to deal with An analysis
of skills in detention centers Washington County has programs that explain
problems with the juvenile detention center, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014)</span>. This program helps juveniles build skills as writers
specialized teachers developed a program that gives the students a helping hand
at writing and writing skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian,
2014)</span>. First, they placed a survey that took quotas of which juveniles
would be interested in building their writing skills. The survey took 25
minutes to complete the juveniles answered question such as a sample statement
of I enjoy writing, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>.
The assessment was placed on the Likert scale which is a five point scale
ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">After performing the initial test the
juvenile’s quality of writing was measured by a number of questions about how
they perform during and their writing skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash
& Jian, 2014)</span>. After two weeks spent in the writing class the
students participated in an interview and a qualitive open ended survey, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014). </span>The results showed that
the writing skills of the students were very low and they tend to answer undecided
while a higher number were negative towards the building writing skills, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014).</span>This meant most Juveniles
are not enthusiastic about writing, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash &
Jian, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Most Juveniles in the Washington county
Juvenile facility were assisted being moderate writers while they are
enthusiastic about being published many did not have the skills to write well, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. They instead had moderate
writing skills that left an opportunity to improve upon writing skills by
attending a workshop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The study proved
that most Juveniles did not receive the education needed to excel in life, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014). </span>The study proved that
when someone comments positively about the students writing that they seem
write more and improve the quality of writing which means that they have not
been positively touched by teachers to excel while in juvenile detention or at
school, <span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. This study
proves that rehabilitation works when a counselor takes time out to show they
care about the quality of life of the juvenile detention teens<span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014)</span>. Although many of the
juvenile were below average in academic skills, they still stuck out the
writing courses many were assigned as moderate writer by the end of the class
the ones that thought they wrote well ended up in the same boat as the ones
that thought they wrote poorly. This may have been because of academic literacy
was not enforced among the teens and they tend to improve during the 3 month
period of the writing class<span style="color: black;">(Pytash & Jian, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Teens that are criminally inclined
require more programs than adult court allot in other words adult courts are
not realistic for juveniles to attend they are only assigned to adult courts
when they are considered violent, </span>(Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Scientific reasoning for the future of teens has proven that teens are not
fully mentally developed like adults are and need proper guidance in order to
become well-rounded adults.</span> (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teens with developmental problems still have a
greater chance to change they can be shaped into responsible adults with
participation in rehabilitation programs. In other words, rehabilitation for
teens that participate in criminal act is the most likely cure for the juvenile
delinquency problem, </span>(Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014). <span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">When
adjusting from older rules to newer rules one would find that girls age faster
than boys the fact that maturity separates girls from boys because of the ways
they grow some analysis wish to separate girls at a younger age than boys,</span>
(Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
seems to be acceptable to have 18 year olds leave juvenile development centers
and begin adult prison terms. They have found that many girls can accept prison
at the early age of 16 rather than 18. Academic learning and social moral
learning for girls happens sooner than what it comes about from boys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Social and economic freedom causes girls to
look for ways to survive earlier than boys. When girls are accused of crime, they
are expected to know more about moral differences the hormonal age differential
between girls and boys makes for the law official to have higher expectations
for girls rather than men, </span>(Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.
This and the fact that girls look older during their teen age years than boys do
because of their hormonal adaptation makes it easy for juvenile court judges to
pass teen age girls to adult prisons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The brain is complex mental stability
among teen age girls is far greater than teen age boys simply because girls
look and act older than what boys do, </span>(Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are incidents of girls that are within
age to have children who commit crime while they are actually pregnant these
are special cases that need specialized care most pregnancy care for juveniles
are in adult prisons. There are little to no programs that specialize on
pregnant girls that are of high school age. Separation of pregnant girls from
other inmates makes for a better environment for those that are not
pregnant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many brain studies have
explained that teenagers are incompetent of making life-changing decisions if
their parents don’t make them for their children, </span>(Zimring
&Tanenhaus, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Early recognition of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skills, wants, desires is of concern by
teachers and family members alike to open doors by meeting qualifications that
are necessary to make life less complicated. One of the largest life chances
that are taken away from teens is education. Parent with low income cannot
provide high price education such as schooling for trade school, arts and
academic college schooling. Planning and desire can make for an easy way to be
successful. Teens that don’t receive the support that they need to be
successful are usually left out of the loop and have to find a different route
than what they plan for. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teens that do
not accomplish what their friends do feel depressed and left out of the loop.
This causes them to have mental breakdowns and look for opportunities that are
not academic related. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gang related activities that involve
teens that have one-parent homes or live at halfway houses for those that are
confiscated from unfit homes makes teens grow up in bad environments that
affect them their whole life. In many aspects the teen or juvenile is less
capable of committing advantageous crime because of their underdevelopment
teens are considered less of a threat to society this allots juveniles with
lower or lessened penalties. The average teen is known to be irresponsible or
immature in nature this makes for higher propensities for teens to have less incarceration
and increased rehabilitation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Neuro-immaturity pre Roper vs Simmons renders teens less component to
waive Miranda rights, rights to an attorney, offer a confession without
council, may become lead into defending themselves, and plea bargain without
counsel. For these reasons the judge is considered the parental guidance for
juvenile court having on hand legal advisors in defense of juveniles may take
away some of the teens stress and pressure allotting them a complete defense
against unwanted ad unjust decision making by role model police or judges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In order to prevent crime among teens
they must be taught that criminal actions are wrong. State and federal
regulations must be learned at vital ages to in force the laws and rules that
teens may break. Programs that teach teens but also have rewards can make a
difference in the lives of future teens. Giving college credit or providing
outings that involve fun with learning can be a way of reinforcing the teen
making them feel valuable to the community by volunteering for detail along
side of juveniles who have been through the same issues and problems that every
teen may face. A faucet of regulations is not enough to change the thinking
pattern of teens that are unsuspecting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>targets for criminals, gangs, drug dealers and other groups that prey
upon vulnerable teens that could become suspect to crimes because of low
morals, low self-esteem, communication barriers, and bad friendship
practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">These programs must catch the attention
of teens and make for understanding. Teens would be unable to comprehend the
bar exam but if you related the different law cases to real life situations
they might be able to connect the court names with the situations that they
protect citizens from. Teens propensity to exaggerate making what they see seem
more than what it is. This type of confused thinking without comprehending what
is realistically happening can force a judge to be aggressive in their decision
making while analyzing positive and negative outcomes one can come to the
conclusion that prevention programs are the best way of reversing the juvenile
rate incarcerated. Rehabilitation is a harder rout to go through when analyzing
the worst fears of juvenile courts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Changing the thinking process to scare
teens into becoming good citizens is not recommended among juvenile counselors
because this may attract teens to crime for the thrill of seeing for themselves
what the results would be. A mixture of social being, group building, and
relationships are the wave of the future of teen prevention programs.
Leadership within the community that present information about laws and how
they are affecting the community allot teens realistic information about their
surroundings. Gang related violence is one of those issues that may be reduced
by building a barrier between the gangs and the teens. Gangs recruit by making
the teens uncomfortable with their community by enforcing change on the teens
such as clothing items, hang out spots, race, color, and even sporting events. Being
not included can make teens have low morale. By being included in many events
offering a substitute for being outlasted, the teens can then be included in
positive events that are provided by the community, police, and state
officials. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Schools should anticipate programs that
allow teens to express themselves without making it controversial that gang
members are not included but reverse the gang activity inviting everyone. In
the future of crime prevention of juveniles there are going to be more work opportunities
than ever before. Keeping the life of teens free from criminal activity and
helping the community deal with juveniles is going to be interactive instead of
being only rehabilitative there will be preventive classes and studies. To
accommodate the needs of youths one has to look upon leadership of counselors
and public officials. Programs are the wave of the future many programs that
deal with gang violence and criminal activity. There are many more outlets to
explore such as teen pregnancy, school attendance, recreational activities,
defacing of personal and public property. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Types of abuse of children are
emotional, physical and or sexual,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"> (Lawrence & Hesse, 2010), p.74</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Judges use parens patiae in order to reassign living conditions for children
that are in abuses situations, </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;">(Alarid , 2013), p292, para 1</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.
With the new type of counselor that is mobile and able to comprehend the stress
and pressure that teens go through it is the teens and counselors are able to
combine resources to keep the level of violence low. First time violators of
the law such as criminal offenders should have the most counseling because they
are the target youth who can be rehabilitated second and third time juvenile
offenders are considered liabilities of society. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">According to Salekin, R. T. Conclusion
and future directions. In , <i>Forensic evaluation and treatment of juveniles:
Innovation and best practice</i> , Washington, DC, US: American Psychological
Association Salekin, R. T., “favorable impact of the state system may occur
through the discretion of a police officer or a juvenile court decision maker”,
this type of intervention should be allotted threw the police department to
allow officers paid leave of absence to attend counseling sessions with
juveniles who have gone through the juvenile court system, (2015), p. 203-206.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By local police participation, they can see
the advancement of community’s goals being achieved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the future of juvenile rehabilitation,
technology will play a far greater role by providing reports from juvenile
clinics that deliver forensic treatments to juveniles in need. Life style
changes are valuable they might include nutrition, exercise, recreational
activities, and volunteering. Mental development and health is another way to
reform juveniles into proper citizens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Programs
that stop teens from truancy such as truancy officers and special after school
activities can reduce crime among teens. Juvenile crime can cause forms of
illiteracy because teens are not attending school to learn basic skills such as
math, science, reading, and writing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Using GPS devices to track youths that
do not attend school on regular bases is a way of preventing multiple truancy,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"> (Alarid , 2013), p287,
para 2</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. The teens receive automated wakeup
calls and then check in after school. Intake officers and truancy officers roam
the areas that teens my hangout at during the day to make sure they are in
school and not hanging out with friends. Skipping school is a class C
misdemeanor that if habitual can cost up to $500, </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;">(Alarid , 2013), p287, para
2</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adjudication is the process of using
juvenile court. Juveniles are offered lawyers but there is no jury, </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;">(Alarid , 2013), p28, para
2</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Having no jury can offer the judge lead way to presenting
juveniles with lowered sentences or participation in programs such as boot
camp, group homes, community centers, and voluntary work. Implementing more
programs to give juvenile court judges a leverage to assign nonviolent teens to
plenty of programs that keep them busy making new friends and finding more self
confidence is the goal of the future. Programs that promote social and
educational skills can help teens with life. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">I know for me, I attended school and my
school had the work program while attending the 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup>
grade. During this time, I was taking classes given by John Marriot to manage
hotels and other work opportunities. I then started to work for the local
grocery store called Giant Food and learned discipline and work ethics; this
replaced having fun hanging out with friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>My Principle Doctor Dalton did not approve of my friends and wanted me
to stayed free of trouble for my last two years of high school. I never fully
understood why Principle Dalton was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>against my friends he just did not like the influence my friends had on
the high school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The last two periods of
school for my junior and senior year, I attended classes for management and
began to work for Giant food part time making an average wage in the process.
In my opinion I think programs that establish early work produce self
discipline that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>helps teens with gaining
the moral support needed to succeed in life. I also thought that the push for
becoming independent by working taught me that life is not a game to taken
lightly. Attending above average classes such as English and social studies
made me realize that I had more potential that I first thought I had. This
change came about because my counselor and father both knew that I was not
giving school my full effort. Principle Dalton knew that I was not fully
participating in class because I only did as much school work as needed. Before
this change I attended no afterschool programs such as track and field and foot
that I played for my junior and senior years. I was not as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>active in school activities for my freshman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and underclass years, thus finishing home
work during school hours meant that I was not attending<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the correct classes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">They fix my extensive hanging out with
friends, by allotting me to work in the school main office and participating in
the work program. What I learned during this period of time is that I really
wanted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to attend college so rather than
work. I resolved that I was working too hard and needed to focus on building a
career doing what I loved which was computer system then. Another issue that
was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>resolved by my counselor was that I
was in remedial classes that I did not deserve to attend so they removed me
from remedial class and place me in advanced classes. After becoming certified
for management, I then attended the early college program where I learned that
academic standards are very important. The future can teach many teens how to
conduct themselves in study and personal life. Being a troublemaker and causing
problems in the area of learning such as distracting others from learning can
make teens turn into juveniles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The future of juvenile delinquency
policing will provide programs such as the work program and other state
programs like the early college entry and trade schools that keep older teen
busy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another program I attended during
my Junior year was the writing program just like the one mentioned in the above
except I was trained to write about events in ordered format. This program
offered during the summer allowed me to take classes about social writing and
writing skills. Programs like these and many more provide expertise in many areas
that teens do not function well like self-explanatory writing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Another factor of teen delinquency is
drug prevention and rehabilitation. Probationers are placed under strict
supervision of probation officers that observe the interactions of juveniles at
school and at home,<span style="color: black;"> (Gaudio, 2010)</span>. Curfews
are enforced to keep juveniles that are on probation from violating probation
rules,<span style="color: black;"> (Gaudio, 2010)</span>. School teachers are
asked to keep a watchful eye on juveniles that are on probation this allots
juvenile probation officers the flexibility of visiting the school or home for
weekly interviews. One major issue with drug prevention is that most
rehabilitation classes and centers are built for adults and not teens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having local teen program for drug
intervention and rehabilitation may turn the tide and provide extra support for
pressured teens and juveniles. More of a difference can be made by specifying
courts for teens such as drug court, mental health courts and administrating
community health centers in involving themselves with teens and juveniles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0in;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alarid , Leanne F. (2013). Community Based Corrections Ninth
edition, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of Texas, San Antonio</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wadesworth, Cengage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>20 Davis Drive Belmont , CA 94002-3098 USA</i> p. 287 para. 2, p. 292,
para 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>alekin, R. T. (2015).
Conclusion and future directions. In , <i>Forensic evaluation <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and treatment of juveniles: Innovation and
best practice</i> (pp. 203-206). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14595-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gaudio, C. M.
(2010). A CALL TO CONGRESS TO GIVE BACK THE FUTURE: END THE 'WAR ON DRUGS' AND
ENCOURAGE STATES TO RECONSTRUCT THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM. <i>Family Court
Review</i>, <i>48</i>212. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lawrence, Richard and Hesse, Mario (2010). Juvenile Justice, t<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">he Essentials</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sage Inc. publishing 2455 Teller Road thousand Oaks California, 91320<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pytash, K. E., &
Jian, L. (2014). The Writing Dispositions of Youth in a JuveniledetentionCenter.
<i>Journal Of Correctional Education</i>, <i>65</i>(3), 24-42. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Zimring,
F. E., & Tanenhaus, D. S. (2014). <i>Choosing the Future for American
Juvenile Justice</i>. New York: NYU Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-60847433710813745042016-03-23T16:59:00.001-07:002020-03-10T05:47:41.664-07:00Organizational Behavior 1<br />
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Behavior in the Police Department<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ron D. Young <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Organizational Behavior in the Police
Department <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Organizational behavior is the
advancement of structure and formatting of the Police department. Some of the
areas include legal, training, social and home life that help the police
department get along. It is impromptu that the organizational structure of the
Police department is configured properly. Most likely questions about the
processes and people involved in them will occur. In hindsight, many Police
departments need to hire good officers with skills that far oversee the past
recruits that have been retired. This is called progression positively moving
ahead instead of backwards. When hiring good police officers they must first
look at their well-being. Is this recruit going to fit in with the rest of the
Police force or do they have hang ups. Do the new recruits have the abilities
needed to go forward in the police force and continue to move up ranks from the
bottom to the top? Are the police officers quick on their feet or do they need
to be helped continuously? How well can the recruits adapt to what is happening
around them. Are they skilled drivers or do they need specialized training. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Some very surprising patterns in
supervisory styles and patrol officer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Behavior have been found over the last
couple of years. The US Department of Justice has found four supervisory styles
from recent research. The best-known style identified as active was found it to
be more than likely to influence officer behavior. This influence can possibly
be either positive or negative, it can inspire subordinates to engage in more
problem solving activities, or it can result in more frequent use of force. An
active supervisory style was also best received by the while implementation was
easier than most management styles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292526; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Traditional
supervisors expect immediate enforcement from subordinates, engagement in
community oriented activities or policing of minor disorders are not closely
looked at in the total picture. More than less<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>likely<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other types of supervisors
demonstrate decision making<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>while
encounters with citizens<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are being
handled. Officers need to be trained on how to handle incidents that are
personalized to citizens or reducing valance. Traditional sergeants and
lieutenants are usually task oriented, they expect subordinates to produce
great achievements particularly arrest and citations—along with paper work and
documentation. Less inclined toward developing relationships, traditional
supervisors give more instruction to subordinates and are less likely to reward
and more likely to punish patrol officers. The traditional supervisor’s
ultimate concern is to control subordinate behavior by discipline. Traditional
supervisors are more likely to support new policing initiatives if they are
consistent with aggressive law enforcement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292526; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">The Innovative
supervisor is characterized by an acquired skill to build relationships, they
tend to make officers friend and construct higher moral because of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A innovative supervisor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is task orientation, they tend to be have
very positive views of their subordinates. These supervisors are considered
innovative because they conventionally<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>encourage officers to accept new philosophies and methods of policing.
Innovative supervisors are hold high expectations that induce community
policing and efficient problem solving skills by subordinates. Many innovated
supervisors agree strongly that a good patrol officer will research thus
investigating what residents complain about to resolve neighborhood problems.
Traditional supervisors do not conduct investigations to find out issues and within
the community. Supportive supervisors believe more in active police work than
preparing reports that give an overall outlook of what is plausible in the
community. The main goal of the innovative supervisors is to actively assist
and innovate subordinates with the implementation of community policing and
problem-solving strategies structuring the police officers with coaching,
mentoring, and facilitating. Enforcing the law is one of the paramount
activities patrol officers are responsibility for. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #292526; line-height: 200%;">Supervisory styles
influenced all officers but they especially innovate the ones that have
behaviors that are very difficult to keep track of measuring their skill level
by monitoring such problems as unusual use of force, problem solving, and
productivity. Furthermore , supervisory styles induce a significant
interaction<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>between the officer
behaviors<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relatively<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>making it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>easier to keep track, monitor and measure, such making arrests and
issuing citations. One reason may be that supervisors have more influence on
problem solving of difficult situations. Patrol officers have the most
discretion when dealing with subordinates of suspects that are unruly under
innovative supervisory. When supervisors are uncertain about tasks and
monitoring performance they depend on the more reliable police officers to help
them identify problematic issues, This problem solving allows the sergeant to
define the duties of subordinates thus clarifying the roles of police officers
and their position in the force.</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;">One organization<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>core altercations that induces<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>police intimidation during traffic stops of
citizens is constitutionality of the practice. Is the reasoning of the police
stop of citizens established upon race or ethnicity, rather than reasonable
suspicion that can be articulated? Is the practice of stopping citizens placed
upon racial or ethnic profiling? The consequences of the practice of crime
control<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for police legitimacy and
police-minority community relations (Tyler, 2006). Departmental<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>control can also be litigated through the
officers’ decision making processes police initiated stops of citizens for many
reason they are not all embraced by citizens because they all include profiling
thus finding the bad guy by the way they look or their actions is not good enough
for the public to verify reasoning for a traffic stop. Preventing your officers
from engaging in racially biased policing is a major behavior problem. Officer
street behavior is generally balanced by their training making them well
rounded officers rather than bullies that search for a specific type of person
to arrest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Organizational framework drawing an idea from
a problem countering police discretion of problem solving to run an efficient
department is a requirement of the supervisor. Upon what we already know about
how police departments advance efficiency by using, supervisory techniques to
adjust officers’ behavior in the field the supervisor can change the framework
to please both the police officers and the public. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The complexity of these issues makes it
difficult to simply remove a few bad apples; it would not help adding a few
well-qualified cadets. Also clearly using discretion to control framework
offers numerous training lessons some including effectiveness, accountability,
and strategic planning. Lessons are a focus for good training on organizational
behavior. The four organizational behavioral areas are described as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recruitment and selection, administrative and
selection, training, administrative policy,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and supervision, commitment, and accountability. <b><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;">The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the
Administration of Justice in 1967 More than 40 years ago, configured
recommendations for proper screening of applicants that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identify those who are not suited for the
policing profession. During<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
traditional recruiting application process it has been focused on “screening
out” those who are mentally<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ill
unreliable police officers are recruited everyday though a bad selection
process that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has been revolved around
efforts to identify candidates with sought-after qualities. Unfit applicant
should be disregarded and sent to secondary agencies that they are fit for the
first application process is important,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>judging<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who should be screened in
and left out is an age old problem that police recruiters have had since
policing has been established. This dialogue over screening out (and in) job
applicants has typically occurred within the context of concerns over
corruption and brutality, but the lessons are equally relevant for racially
biased policing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Within the
screening out process,<i> </i></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">the two different
types of research being empirical research and practical experience have been
determined to be very difficult to identify individuals, who are not well
suited for the police profession (Mollen Commission, 1994). For example, Grant
and Grant (1995) experiments found out<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>that “efforts to improve the quality of police officer performance by
screening out those recruits who will not make good police officers have
generally been unsuccessful.” Grant and Grant (1995: 152) were especially harsh
psychological testing (e.g., MMPI) and personal interviews that identify
applicants with “poor mental health and undesirable personality traits.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are certain characteristics that
produce red flags for potential police officer, employment. Police departments
should conduct extensive background checks and verifications to determine if
applicants fall with inside the correct fundamental characteristic. Nnumerous
misconduct scandals force many police leaders to leave departments and start
fresh at police departments that do not know about their past history.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;">A large number of
police officers served in departments for short periods of time and then let go
because of bad background checks during the selection process, (Skolnick and
Fyfe, 1993; Fyfe and Kane, 2006). Background investigations usually include a
criminal history check, credit check, and interviews of family members,
neighbors, and former employers this is the standard for police placement. Red
flags include prior criminal records, drug use, unsatisfactory performance in
prior employment, and low morale. Lying on the job application is a bad start
to a new career, departments find evidence of prejudicial cases that lead to
discriminatory actions by prior work opportunities. Background examinations
cost lots of money and consume much needed time , recent research their
importance are empirical in order to screen out poor applicants. In past
studies of career-ending misconduct they have found that the selection process
failed to identify past behavior and misconduct that police officers
demonstrated during court cases in the NYPD, Kane and White (2009: 765)
highlighted the importance of “screening out” processes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;">Perhaps the most
salient policy implications of the present study relate to departmental
screening processes. Because of the low visibility of police work, the unique
opportunities for misconduct presented to police officers, and the conflict
that often exists between the police and the public in certain communities, it
seems clear that police departments should continue to exclude people from
policing who have demonstrated records of criminal involvement and employee
disciplinary problems. These represent evidence-based policy recommendations
for which criminological perspectives developed for the general population
(i.e., outside of policing) produced support (e.g., control theories,
opportunity theories, and perhaps even routine activities theory). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua"; font-size: large;"><i>“Screening In”
Processes: </i>The second aspect of recruit selection involves the
identification of qualities which “predict” good policing on the street. The
interest in identifying those best-suited for police work (rather than those
who are ill-suited) gained traction in the 1960s, particularly with the passage
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, amid concerns that prevailing “screening out”
processes disproportionately affected minority and female applicants (Grant and
Grant, 1995). Kane and White (2009: 765) highlighted this aspect of the application
process as well, noting that their “findings also suggest the importance of
screening <i>in </i>or identifying potential police.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-48833086355842134372016-02-25T14:15:00.002-08:002020-03-10T05:47:59.991-07:00Proactive Policing 2<br />
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<span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proactive Policing Effects of Policing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Effects of Policing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The effects of Police on crime has changed the way Police
perceive their job. Proactive policing has become the wave of the future.
Police have a grave effect on crime they prevent crime by working proactively
to stop crime before it happens. In many cases Police use tactical training to
prevent problems during arrests. Most criminals respect Police when they are
around. Having the Police present is a very important fact of preventing crime.
Signs that designate what is going on in different areas, such as no smoking
zones and no loitering signs keep people on their feet. Reading signs is a way
of life for the inner city civilians Gazlay, 1999. Signs such as no turn on red
and reduce speed ahead warn people of what danger lark in the area they live
in. Neighborhood watch signs help with neighborhoods that have high crime rates
in an easy manner thus making criminals think before they commit robbery or
theft. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Police being present in an area doing proactive patrolling
can and will reduce crime rates making areas safer to live in. According to Jackson,
A. L., & Wade, J. E., Police perceptions of social capital and sense of
responsibility: An explanation of proactive policing,” Crank (1998), in his
examination of police culture, suggested that the examination of Police sense
of responsibility towards the community may be important in understanding
police behavior” (2005)<i> , 28</i>(1), 49-68. The behavior that is associated
with providing services to the community is a sense of protection and security.
This feeling of protecting the innocent tends from those who wish to provide a
safe environment for their family and friends. In hind sight, “This assertion
suggests that police sense of responsibility may serve as an influential
variable in explaining why police may demonstrate higher levels of Proactive policing
in communities with low social capital in comparison to those with high social
capital”, Jackson & Wade,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2005.
Proactive Policing not only perpetuates and exacerbates the social differences
between the Police and their community, but it also increases the likelihood
that an officer could abuse his or her authority within the community (Hemmens
and Levin, 2000), Jackson & Wade, 2005. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">According to Verfaillie & Tom, Proactive policing and
the assessment of organized crime.<i> Policing,</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> ”</span>Anticipating or preparing for possible directions in organized
crime is then no longer about calculating probabilities”, (2008),<i> 31</i>(4),
534-552. Looking at data that explains which neighborhoods need more or less
attention is of value to proactive policing. Using information from various
electronic systems help the Police figure how many resources are needed to be
proactive in policing areas. According to Verfaillie & Tom, Proactive
policing and the assessment of organized crime <i>,</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“w</span>hen it comes to social processes, predictions and forecasting
techniques are less self-evident”, This means that the predictions of crime are
not as accelerated as one would think but work on a scheduled bases (2008),<i>
31</i>(4), 534-552. Predictions and forecasting methods using multivariate
data, such as linear regression against time and econometric methods, are
predicated on the ability to demonstrate causal relationships between
identified variables Verfaillie & Tom, 2008. There would be more Police
Officers needed to patrol a city block then a rural neighborhood simply because
the city has more people per square footage than a rural neighborhood. In many
cases location is an important factor of proactive policing. The location can
mean the difference between a quick and speedy response and a poor unruly
response for Police. For example, Smith (1986) argued that police often use
their power to arrest even more often in communities that have an established
lower social capital and on citizens with a lower socioeconomic status then
higher social establishment and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>higher
socioeconomic status Jackson & Wade,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2005. According to Jackson, A. L., & Wade, J. E. Police perceptions
of social capital and sense of responsibility: An explanation of proactive
policing,” when police implement proactive policing tactics, the recipients of
their proactive tactics are often low-income minorities, citizens who for the
most part are politically ineffective at instituting change among police at
either the organizational or community level”, 2005. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Proactive policing is most effective when it is monitored by
systems and calculated. Computers can predict the waves in crime but not the
way the neighborhoods and regions feel about the security and protection they
receive from the Police Officers. In many cases <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regional offices and local check points are
needed to take anonymous reports from concerned citizens. Being proactive rather
than reactive is important in policing areas\ that have large numbers of
civilians located in them. Since 911 many citizens feel as though the Police do
not show themselves enough this not being present physically may call for
police to ride bikes and walk their beats instead of driving though in police
cruisers. Being more personal is a better way to deal with getting respect from
the locals than not being personal. Seeing a face to match a name can help
citizens realize that they are being protected and are in the process of having
matters taken care of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Scientist who have tried to explain proactive policing
through the analysis of Police Officer and citizens attitudes but the results
have been inconsistent in their findings and have maintained that the
relational value between the two variables is relatively unsatisfactory Jackson
& Wade, 2005. According to Jackson, A. L., & Wade, J. E. Police
perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility: An explanation of
proactive policing, explanations for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>more responsive policing support the hypothesis that police who indicate
a more negative perception of community social capital are more likely to
indicate a higher sense of responsibility towards the community”, 2005. A sense
of security seems to drive Police officers who do proactive policing in high
crime areas that need constant attention. Police Officers that want areas to do
well make a difference in city neighborhoods because of their dedication
towards programs that help the community. Community programs are important to
help identify representatives that enforce rules to be followed while living in
any specific area. Researchers have found because the future is portrayed as inevitable
it is very hard to have the knowledge of knowing what is going to happen
tomorrow today, you cannot predict what people will do tomorrow. By forecasting
the actions of the public today using new systems that analyze criminal actions
that have taken place before, these analytical systems may help Police prevent
crimes that could happen in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Gazlay, P.
(1999). Community oriented policing is not just for specialists.<i> Police, 23</i>(10),
32-34+. Retrieved from <a href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/198819962?accountid=34544"><span style="color: blue;">http://search.proquest.com/docview/198819962?accountid=34544</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson, A. L., & Wade, J. E. (2005).
Police perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility: An
explanation of proactive policing.<i> Policing, 28</i>(1), 49-68. Retrieved
from <a href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/211226003?accountid=34544"><span style="color: blue;">http://search.proquest.com/docview/211226003?accountid=34544</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Verfaillie, K.,
& Tom, V. B. (2008). Proactive policing and the assessment of organised
crime.<i> Policing, 31</i>(4), 534-552. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510810910553"><span style="color: blue;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510810910553</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-50433542854694069772016-02-25T14:11:00.002-08:002020-03-10T05:48:27.878-07:00Issues in Criminology 1<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Legal Issues in
Criminology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ron D. Young <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">December 15, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This paper is about legal problems
that happen to police officers while working in different situations. This
paper provides an explanation of the situation control by police officers. It
explains how police officers deal with minorities who commit crimes while
examining the liability problems that occur during the systematic process of
arresting suspects. Racism plays a large role in police officers profiling
possible suspects for arrest (International Associates of Crime Analysis, IACA,
2014). Police profile people by their race creed, color, behavior of social
value is looked upon as wealth, culture, prestige, status, morality, ethic,
religion, ethnicity, race, ideology, human rights and furthermore, (International
Associates of Crime Analysis, IACA, 2014). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Legal issues are caused by police who do not
follow proper procedures such as arrests out of jurisdiction, illegal use of
force, profiling in a racist way, letting K9 become violent these issue cause
police departments to spend on court cases of liability rather than buying new
equipment to help keep liabilities away,</span> (Rapping, 2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Becoming efficient is way of the Police
department to keep unauthorized police procedures from happening. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Psychological reviews need to
conducted, to review the social complexities that police officers face at home
and in the line of duty,</span> (Robbins & Judge, 2013)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,
p187. These reviews should reflect the intent of police officers to perform
their duties. Reasoning of arrests is another part of policing that tells you
if the police officer is initially performing their work duties properly. Racism
is a factor that plays a large role in making arrests making reports helps the
police department management practice practical arrest procedures by making
proper stops for the correct reasons,</span> (Meye et al, 2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,
p37-54.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Legal Issues in
Criminology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The beginning of social
constructionist is critique to challenge the veracity of the legal definition
of what crime is<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span> Crime is
defined as an omission of a violation that breaks laws during an intentional
act<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span> Justification of a criminal
act is needed to determine if the act committed is a felony or misdemeanor
crime<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009). </span>Evidence and witnesses
are necessary to prove that a criminal act has occurred. Investigation proves
that methods used to commit the criminal act are illegal and then go against
laws provided by the government, state, county, or city. These criminal acts
are defined as homicides, white collard crimes, and blue collared crimes. The
investigators, police, and security have specific rules they have to follow in
order to prove that a person has violated the law and that they have committed
a criminal act<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span> Different
criminal acts include a strategic approach of legal actions that are taken by
the officials that arrest criminals. The constitution protects human rights
that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>include the 5<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup>
amendments that protect personal property and civil rights. The factors that
governing officials have to consider are racism against creed, sexuality, age,
social living standard, affiliations or a mixture of all<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span> To assume that a particular criminal is
component of committing a crime because they fit a category is a very
narrow-minded way of viewing a social indifference between the criminal and
society<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009). </span>The way a person is
dressed or the look of the overall person such as all black have to be clean
cut in order not to be criminals considered to a stereo type that may not hold
much weight to a jury that stays home all day and wears head covering, pajamas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and slippers during working hours. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Conflict between opposing groups
with more or less power involves engagement of conflicting idealism that
counters powerful forces can make trouble among the two opposing groups causing
opposition within the court room and in the community<span style="color: black;">,
(Henry, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Criminal actions such as embezzlement,
bribery, and extortion can cause arresting officials many problems. Being
threatened by groups of power can cause eminent complications that add to the
prosecutions distress of holding a fair trial<span style="color: black;">, (Henry,
2009). </span>Behavior of competing interests can construct criminalized
behavior threatening the arresting officials legal stance within side the court
room because of societies view of wealth, culture, prestige, status, morality,
ethic, religion, ethnicity, race, ideology, human rights and further more the
overall value of the securities made to prevent such illegal actions. Illicit
groups make it known that they are more powerful than the defense during the
jury selection process actuating that their status is high enough to make it
difficult for the prosecution to provide a jury selection that is legitimate
for the case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Problematic areas of
justice can begin from the prospect of what happened during the arrest this
includes proper procedures such as reading of rights, making sure the suspect
understands the reason of arrest, violation of laws they are going to be
charged with, offered a phone call, reasonable force used during the arrest,
quick and speedy arraignment, notification of witnesses, and investigation
processes can cause the suspect to be released because of improper procedures
followed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The vast differences of wealth and
power associated with class divisions makes groups that acquire power through
political or economic manipulation and or exploitation place legal
pressure<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the ones without wealth or
high social status. According to<span style="color: black;"> Henry, S. Social
Construction of crime, In J. Miller (Ed.), 21<sup>st</sup> Century criminology:
A reference handbook,</span> “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crime<b> </b></span>and
deviance are the inevitable consequences of fundamental contradictions within
society's economic infrastructure”, this explains corporations that have share
holders who manipulate the advance of employment to move their corporation to
another state or country if prosecuted<span style="color: black;">, (Henry,
2009).</span> Those that threaten the powerful are considered criminals. In
this view of crime, street offenders are more serious <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">criminals</span> than white-collar offenders. Those that commit
white-collar crimes are not deemed to be violent offenders where as blue collar
criminals are considered to be disruptive to society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Theorists who argue about the social
construction of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crime<b> </b></span>interpret
law based on powerful interests complain about<i> </i>behaviors that cause harm
are also criminal acts<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span>
Theorists argued that <b>“</b>analogous social injury,” should be included as
crime, which harms caused by legal acts or conditions<span style="color: black;">,
(Henry, 2009). </span>An example is the selling or promoting of alcoholic
beverages at a bar, although it is legal, this sales could produce considerable
social, health, and psychological problems. If the bartender knew that the
person receiving the alcohol was not able to maintain their health such as
driving home from a bar drunken, then the bartender would be at fault if
illicit drinking and driving were to cause an accident. According to<span style="color: black;"> Henry, S. Social Construction of crime, In J. Miller
(Ed.), 21<sup>st</sup> Century criminology: A reference handbook,</span> “Larry
Tifft and Dennis Sullivan (2001), argued that the hierarchical structure and
social arrangements of society produce harm that evades the legal definition”,
this explains that social construct makes for legal adversity<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009).</span> Many theorist such as Tifft and
Sullivan believe that people who produce harmful acts should be criminalized,
this will restrict criminals from many contemporary legal production and
distribution activities<span style="color: black;">, (Henry, 2009). </span>Making
the production of harmful chemicals and drugs illegal will also put extended
stress on many criminal justice systems<span style="color: black;">, (Henry,
2009).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Capital punishment is the highest contentious
socially impaired policy debated in the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Between 1968 and 1979 there was an average of
eight studies conducted each year in criminology, law, and sociology journals,
compared to only seven articles during the previous seventeen years makes for
large difference in concerns of Criminal Justice and the penal system. In the
United States alone deterrence of capital punishment has been an exhaustive
issue that exhausts the penal system. The death penalty is imposed on those who
commit hyenas crimes that result in incapacitative legal differences rather
than using deterrence of psychologically ill persons. The death penalty shows
that society has failed to find the psychologically ill and help them toward
receiving the proper help. Empirical evidence of opponents of the death penalty
such as murder shows that capital punish is blamed on public officials that
have no control over the effect of social being of people who rather commit
murder than find other means of resolving problematic issues. In most cases of
the death penalty being induced by the courts the resolution of the problem
that is caused is blamed on those who are responsible for the subject that
commits the crimes. Most persons who commit heinous crimes are former criminals
that have been in imprisoned before hand and are known for violent tendencies
these types are have undergone little to no psychological evaluation and have
incarceration time that was solitary confinement rather than having
psychological evaluation by professionals that can propose other means of rehabilitation,
(Galliher & Galliher, 2002),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pg.307.
Most United States citizens blame the penal system for the death penalty
because criminals seem to relapse having recidivism instead of being
rehabilitated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furman v. Georgia 1972
case proved that the United States are undecided about using the death penalty
to resolve and reduce homicides within its borders, (Galliher & Galliher,
2002),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pg.307.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">During<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the process of interrogation of potential
death penalty subjects the penal system is blamed for not deterring the
homicide and potential of individuals that are dangerous to society. A public
official faced with a case that could lead to the death penalty are subject to
scrutiny by the press because of the lack of attention given to these
individuals before they commit heinous crimes, (Galliher & Galliher,
2002),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p.307.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to James Galliher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>&
John Galliher,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of Criminal Law
& Criminology, Fall, 2001 / Winter, 2002 92 J. Crim. L. & Criminology p.
307, “capital punishment as a possible deterrent is not an acceptable
punishment”, the reason being is that most people who commit homicides are not
mentally stable to comprehend the laws and rules, (2002). On the other hand,
life criminals who plan to murder consider themselves untouchable by law
enforcement officials and commit murder to show power within the community,
(Galliher & Galliher, 2002),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pg.307.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These two reasons why capital punishment
is not a reliable source of preventing murder, (Galliher & Galliher, 2002),
p.307.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Liability incidents
can cause all kinds of problems for Police departments and arresting officials</span>
(The Criminologist, 2013),<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"> p.41. Even though there is minimal
amount of issues with liability because of procedures and Officials that follow
them when a liability incident occurs it needs be addressed immediately. Police
need to be informed of jurisdictional areas. Boundaries have to be formally
configured to make sure that police officials know how far they should go<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).</span> Other public
officials should take over where necessary to stop confusion. Changes in the
laws need to be officially drown in a well formatted brochure that explains why
and where the changes have occurred. There should not be compromising of the
liability laws. Speed pursuits are one of the main areas that a turnover of
Police from city, county and state is important. Review of jurisdiction traffic
laws should be periodic liability assessments should be taken to make sure
police officers know where to draw the line<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). </span>Canine dogs can bite arresting suspects it is
a concern that a civil case can be placed against police dogs for performing
their job. Police dogs are used primarily in bad neighbor hoods that are
predominately minorities<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold,
2002).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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These areas can produce problems for police officers who need a form of
self-defense police dogs can identify drugs and other illegal substances from
far away areas and lead police directly to the suspect. In the situation of a
mass area that needs to cleared Police dogs play a large roll of showing the
participants that the police mean business<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).</span> In the incident of a K-9 bite the complainant
should contact the police present with the information of where they were
located during the attack, the time attack and hospitalization ]if any a name,
number, and place of residents should be provided<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If they decide to get a lawyer they must prove
to be innocent of any indiscreet participation in the occurrence that the dogs
where let out to maintain. K-9 dogs are used for many reasons such as riot
control, finding drugs, looking for escaped convicts, missing persons, and for
mass confusion such as brawls. In many cases, police dogs are trained to handle
suspects by clothing items thus taking away the usage of feet and hands<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). </span>This method of
using K-9 makes it easier for the police officers to arrest the suspect<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). </span>If they harm the
suspect by grabbing limbs this may cause a problematic issue that could cost
the police a bundle of money in suites<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,
(Archbold, 2002). </span>Under trained K-9 can be a threat to many citizens
especially those who intimidate the dogs by running for no reason are using
weapons against them such as purses, sticks, bats, knifes, and other throw able
items can cause K-9 dogs to bite<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold,
2002).</span> Search and seizure is protected by the 5<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup>
amendments. The fifth amendment rights addresses the confiscation of items from
citizens to be used as evidence, self incrimination, and due process<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
eighth amendment stops excessive fines from being imposed on seized items.
Illegal search and procedure is very costly to Police and Investigators because
they have to have warrant to take items from living dwellings this search
warrant is needed to keep Police from discovering items that have nothing to do
with the reason for the search this would cause two different cases and much
confusion<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002)</span>. Using
Admissible evidence to be presented to the court adjacent this evidence should
be check in by the court<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>clerk in a
professional manner that also has tracking numbers for the evidence check,
every paper should be notarized by a notary of republic<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). </span>The judges orders for a search and seizure are
also important to be presented to the court to make sure the status of the
search and seizure is legal and is viable for a search of the objects that
police want to seize<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).
</span>High risk factors include the negotiation of permissions for
reproduction of electronic surveillance equipment and information copyrights
have to be qualified<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).
U</span>sing forced information and sales media can leek to the internet making
the scope of the situation uncomfortable for a court appearance. Leaked press
can slow down the process of jury selection and make problems with the
presentation of evidence to the Judge<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold,
2002).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">.
Control of access to information can stop a crises from happening placing
information in safe houses off site away from the police station is a good
practice<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (</span></span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Education
Portal.com, 2014). </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">S</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">upervisors should post legal tips and bulletins that explain
processes. Training is needed to make sure that the bulletins are read. Legal
advice from professional legal advisors may be needed for crucial situations
involving the help from several other arresting officials. Emergency response
teams to unruly situations is a good idea. Training officers to handle
situational control is one way to stop legal issues<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002) p. 11-19.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The increased level of danger makes a very
complex situation for officers to control the greater the amount of danger the
more liable the officer will become. Some people can be very intimidated by the
presents of an arresting official making a simple situation drastic in nature.
When serving high-risk warrants and dealing with<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). S</span>pecialized hostage situations legal advice
may be needed to keep the procedures proper,</span> (Harris & Robinson,
2014)<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">. Specialized units
may need guidance to ensure effective decision making in warrant and hostage
situations<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002).</span>
Literature about legal implications should be available for arresting officials
to be able to read. Integrity violations happen to be among one of the highest
violations that we have. Officers should not take bribes this is a major form
of integrity violation. Officers should not lie to make reports sound correct<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, (Archbold, 2002). </span>By not telling the
truth the officer is violating the police organization, other officers, and
their district that work in. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Refrences <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Archbold, C. A. (2002). <i>Innovations in police accountability:
An exploratory study of risk management and police legal advising </i>(Order
No. 3044991). Available from ProQuest Criminal Justice. (305461038). Retrieved
from </span><a href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/305461038?accountid=34544"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://search.proquest.com/docview/305461038?accountid=34544</span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Education Portal.com (2014).
Crime Analysis Job description Duties and Analysis electronic resource
[HTML]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://education-portal.com/articles/Crime_Analyst_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://education-portal.com/articles/Crime_Analyst_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galliher, James &<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Galliher, John (2001).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,
Fall, 2001 / Winter, 2002 92 J. Crim. L. & Criminology p. 307, electronic
resource [PDF] retrieved from: </span><a href="http://www.umass.edu/legal/Lorenz/DeathPenalty/Galliher%20and%20Galliher.pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.umass.edu/legal/Lorenz/DeathPenalty/Galliher%20and%20Galliher.pdf</span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Harris,
S. E., & Robinson Kurpius, S. E. (2014). Social networking and professional
ethics: Client searches, informed consent, and disclosure. <i>Professional
Psychology: Research And Practice</i>, <i>45</i>(1), 11-19.
doi:10.1037/a0033478<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Henry, S. (2009).
Social Construction of crime. In J. Miller (Ed.), 21<sup>st</sup> Century
criminology: A reference handbook. (pp. 296-305). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications,
Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412971997.n34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">International Associates of
Crime Analysis, IACA (2014). Analysis Position Description</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> electronic resource [HTML]
retrieved from: </span><a href="http://www.iaca.net/dc_position_descriptions.asp"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iaca.net/dc_position_descriptions.asp</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Meyer,
B., van Roomen, T., & Sikkema, E. (2014). Corporate Criminal Liability for
Corruption Offences and the Due Diligence Defence: A Comparison of the Dutch
and English Legal Frameworks. <i>Utrecht Law Review</i>, <i>10</i>(3), 37-54. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Rapping,
J. A. (2014). Retuning Gideon's Trumpet: Telling the Story in the Context of
Today's Criminal-Justice Crisis. <i>Texas Law Review</i>, <i>92</i>(5),
1225-1240.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Robbins,
Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A. (2013). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organized
Behavior 15<sup>th</sup> edition</i>, p. 187, Pearson Education, Inc. Published
as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458 p.187<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The
Criminologist (2013) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">THE DIVISION OF
EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY History, Purpose, and Recent Developments, p.41,
electronic resource [PDF] retrieved from: </span><a href="http://www.asc41.com/Criminologist/2013/2013_September-October_Criminologist.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.asc41.com/Criminologist/2013/2013_September-October_Criminologist.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-12848422532648078112016-02-25T14:07:00.002-08:002020-03-10T05:49:35.061-07:00The Effects On Police On Crime <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The effects of Police on crime. Police have a grave effect
on crime they prevent crime by working proactively to stop crime before it
happens. In many cases police use tactical training to prevent problems during
arrests. Most criminals respect police when they are around. Having the police
present is a very important fact of preventing crime. Signs that designate what
is going on in different areas, such as no smoking zones and no loitering signs
keep people on their feet. Reading signs is a way of life for the inner city.
Signs such as no turn on red and reduce speed ahead warn people of what is
happening in the area they live in. Neighborhood watch signs help with
neighborhoods that have high crime rates. Police being present in an area doing
proactive patrolling can and will reduce crime rates. According to Jackson, A.
L., & Wade, J. E. (2005). Police perceptions of social capital and sense of
responsibility: An explanation of proactive policing.<i> Policing</i>,” Crank
(1998), in his examination of police culture, suggested that the examination of
police sense of responsibility towards the community may be important in
understanding police behavior”(2005)<i> , 28</i>(1), 49-68. The behavior that
is associated with providing services to the community is a sense of protect
and security. This feeling of protecting the innocent tends from those who wish
to provide a safe environment for their family and friends. In hind sight,
“This assertion suggests that police sense of responsibility may serve as an
influential variable in explaining why police may demonstrate higher levels of
Proactive policing in communities with low social capital in comparison to
those with high social capital”, Jackson & Wade,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2005. Proactive Policing not only perpetuates
and exacerbates the social differences between the police and their community,
but it also increases the likelihood that an officer could abuse his or her
authority within the community (Hemmens and Levin, 2000), Jackson & Wade,
2005. According to Verfaillie & Tom, Proactive policing and the assessment
of organized crime.<i> Policing,</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> ”</span>Anticipating
or preparing for possible directions in organized crime is then no longer about
calculating probabilities”, (2008).<i> 31</i>(4), 534-552. Looking at data that
explains which neighborhoods need more or less attention is of value to
proactive policing. Using information from various electronic systems help the
Police figure how many resources are needed to be proactive in policing areas. According
to Verfaillie & Tom, Proactive policing and the assessment of organized
crime.<i> Policing,</i> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“w</span>hen
it comes to social processes, predictions and forecasting techniques are less
self-evident”, (2008).<i> 31</i>(4), 534-552. Predictions and forecasting
methods using multivariate data, such as linear regression against time and
econometric methods, are predicated on the ability to demonstrate causal
relationships between identified variables Verfaillie & Tom, 2008. There
would be more Police Officer needed to patrol a city block then a rural
neighborhood simply because the city has more people per square footage than a
rural neighborhood. In many cases location is an important factor of proactive
policing. The location can mean the difference between a quick and speedy
response and a poor unruly response. For example, Smith (1986) argued that
police often use their power to arrest even more often in communities that have
an established<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lower social capital and
on citizens with a lower socioeconomic status<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>then higher social establishment and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>higher socioeconomic status Jackson & Wade,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2005. According to Jackson, A. L., &
Wade, J. E. Police perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility:
An explanation of proactive policing,” when police implement proactive policing
tactics, the recipients of their proactive tactics are often low-income
minorities, citizens who for the most part are politically ineffective at
instituting change among police at either the organizational or community
level”, 2005. Proactive policing is most effective when it is monitored by
systems and calculated. Computers can predict the waves in crime but not the
way the neighborhoods and regions feel about the security and protection they
receive from the police officers. In many cases a regional office and local
check points are needed to take anonymous reports from concerned citizens.
Being proactive rather than reactive is important in policing areas\ that have
large numbers of civilians located in them. Since 911 many citizens feel as
though the police do not show themselves enough and call for police that ride
bikes and walk their beats instead of driving though in a police cruiser. Being
more personal is a better way to deal with getting respect from the locals than
not being personal. Seeing a face to match a name can help citizens realize
that they are being protected and are in the process of having matters taken
care of. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scientist who have tried to
explain proactive policing through the analysis of Police Officer and citizens
attitudes have been inconsistent in their findings and have maintained that the
relational value between the two variables is relatively unsatisfactory Jackson
& Wade, 2005. According to Jackson, A. L., & Wade, J. E. Police
perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility: An explanation of
proactive policing, explanations for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more
responsive policing support the hypothesis that police who indicate a more
negative perception of community social capital are more likely to indicate a
higher sense of responsibility towards the community”, 2005. A sense of
security seems to drive Police officers who do proactive policing in high crime
areas that need constant attention. Police Officers that want areas to do well
make a difference in city neighborhoods because of their dedication towards programs
that help the community. Community programs are important to help identify
representatives that enforce rules to be followed while living in any specific
area. Researchers have found because the future is portrayed as inevitable it
is very hard to have the knowledge of knowing what is going to happen tomorrow
today, you cannot predict what people will do tomorrow. By forecasting the
actions of the public today using new systems that analyze criminal actions
that have taken place before, these analytical systems may <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>help police prevent crimes that could happen
in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-75920404990335973062016-02-25T14:04:00.002-08:002016-02-25T14:04:48.777-08:00Mandatory Minimum
<br />
<div class="body" style="margin: 1em 0in;">
According to, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The
American Criminal Law Review</span> Mandatory Minimums in drug sentencing: A
valuable weapon in the war on drugs or a handcuff on judicial discretion,
“Mandatory minimums have been around since 1951 when Congress passed the Boggs
Act and its enhancements between 1951 an1956”, (1999). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“By 1970 those Mandatory minimums penalties
had been deemed unworking”, because of differences in circumstances faced
during arrests. Today the bulk of mandatory minimums are handed down under
statutes which penalized the possession, importation, exportation, or
manufacture or distribution of controlled substances, or that mandate <span class="hit"><span style="color: black;">minimum</span></span> sentence enhancements
for the use of firearms during a drug crime, The American Criminal Law Review
Mandatory Minimums in Drug Sentencing,1999.<span style="color: black;"> Due to
circumstantial issues that involve the level of criminal activity and little
fish catches big fish <span class="hit">mandatory minimums</span></span> and the
Sentencing Guidelines ended up in a clash, The American Criminal Law Review
Mandatory Minimums in Drug Sentencing, 1999. Interesting enough, the guidelines
were looking for a balance that the opponents of <span class="hit"><span style="color: black;">mandatory</span></span> sentencing say are not there, The
American Criminal Law Review Mandatory Minimums in Drug Sentencing, 1999 . The <span class="hit"><span style="color: black;">mandatory minimums</span></span> have
certainly been criticized a great deal those against mandatory minimums explain
that mandatory sentencing is unfair for those who commit lesser crimes for more
realistic reasons. According to, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The
American Criminal Law Review</span> Mandatory Minimums in drug sentencing: A
valuable weapon in the war on drugs or a handcuff on judicial discretion, “the
Sentencing Commission, along with the Bar Association, the Congressional Black
Caucus, numerous other organizations, argue that the minimus must be abolished
in favor of the Guidelines”, (1999). Overall reduction of crime can be
attributed by making it known that punishments for crimes will be strict. I do
not agree with Mandatory Minimums because each circumstance may be different
but I do believe in Judicial Guide lines that inform Judges of what the
sentences are and then leave it up to the judge to decide what sentences are
appropriate for the crime. Three strike laws may not be fair but they do make
criminals think before they commit crimes because the second and third
offenders are dealt with harshly. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="body" style="margin: 1em 0in;">
Critics attacked the <span class="hit"><span style="color: black;">minimums</span></span>
for their harsh effect because the statutes disregard everything except the
quantity and type of drugs involved in the offense, nothing about the person
involved in the offense. The Sentencing Commission also says that they result
in a "cliff" effect, and this is an interesting point, where the
possession of say 5.00 grams of crack carries a maximum sentence of one year
while possession of 5.01 grams of crack results in a <span class="hit"><span style="color: black;">minimum</span></span> sentence of five years.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="body" style="margin: 1em 0in;">
Citation<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="body" style="margin: 1em 0in;">
Mandatory minimums in drug sentencing: A valuable weapon in the
war on drugs or a handcuff on judicial discretion? (1999). <i>The American
Criminal Law Review, 36</i>(4), 1279-1300. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/230338559?accountid=34544<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research and locate a
news article or op-ed that addresses an issue you believe is relevant to the
unit. This resource must address a critical or controversial issue. Please post
the article and indicate why it is indeed a critical or controversial issue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Please take a look at the following web page and tell me what you
think.</span><a href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/02/reconsidering-mandatory-minimum-sentences-the-arguments-for-and-against-potential-reforms"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/02/reconsidering-mandatory-minimum-sentences-the-arguments-for-and-against-potential-reforms</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This article is
especially important because it explains why politicians are for or against
mandatory minimum laws. In this article, some of the reasoning is really
in-depth and concise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bernick, Even & Larkin, Paul (Feb.10.2014). Reconsidering Mandatory
Minimum Sentences: The Arguments for and Against Potential Reforms,
Heritage.org from source: </span><a href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/02/reconsidering-mandatory-minimum-sentences-the-arguments-for-and-against-potential-reforms"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/02/reconsidering-mandatory-minimum-sentences-the-arguments-for-and-against-potential-reforms</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-54484704748020556612011-08-15T20:28:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:50:56.308-07:00Measuring Light Intensity 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-53560002880866469662011-08-15T16:06:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:51:46.316-07:00Knife Evidence<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-89841834981442818262011-08-15T15:34:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:52:12.947-07:00Tip Dealing With Fire<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When dealing with determining fires it is important to collect all evidence that is involved with the ignition of the fire. This makes sure that the fire does not restart or an explosion does not occur. Some fire evidence is like you said the V shaped charred area and the area with the most cinder and ah would be the best places to start looking for the origin of the fire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Most of it has to deal with making sure the fire is actually out then you have to find the cause of the fire and if it is caused by a person you have to determine the suspect. </span></div>
Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-54933254725621314982011-08-15T15:32:00.000-07:002011-08-15T15:32:10.180-07:00Tip When Not To Use Miranda Warning<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It seems that the purpose of Miranda Warnings are to advise the person being arrested and questioned of their Constitutional rights before they are taken into custody. I have noticed that in many cases that involve calming one party down while the Police Officer figures out what is happening at the scene is one situation that you would not need to read Miranda rights. Another situation that a Police Officer would not have to read Miranda Warnings is while serving a citation, ticket or warrant. When taking some one in to your custody or after apprehending a person to be taken in, it would be best to read Miranda Warnings. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-6611659447840832182011-08-15T15:30:00.000-07:002011-08-15T15:30:11.791-07:00Tip Importance of Data Information<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">Data information is important; one of the most important records I think is the missing person record. It displays who has been missing over a period of time and if they have been found. Now the importance of the missing person record is that if the information is processed properly Police can possibly find an abductor and investigate what actually happened.<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Some of information located in the Missing Persons Data base is full name, date of birth, age, height, race, sex, hair color, eye color, date missing, photograph and any other relevant information to identify the person by. The FBI keeps a missing persons record for each year with statistics of who was found on the NCIC data page. It seems that each state has its own missing persons reporting system and then on www.missingpersonreport.org you can find a bunch of people that have left their homes and have not been found. <span> </span></div>Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-48373033696415111912011-08-15T15:28:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:52:34.571-07:00Tip Defense Using 5th Amendment Rghts<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Without testifying the Defendant is using his 5<sup>th</sup> Amendment rights, this is smart because the Jury has no evidence that proves the Defendant guilty due to no witnesses. It is one persons word versus another if the Defendant does not speak he is more likely to be let go and have the charges dropped. Without testifying there is no way that the Defendant can incriminate himself. By not saying, anything makes the Defendant look more civilized and gives the Jury nothing to judge him by. This is a smart move as long the defendant has no prior offenses. </span></div>
Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-56699768752750711012011-08-15T15:25:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:55:08.786-07:00Differentiate Criminal Behavior<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Sociological Theory </u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Sociological Theory or Process theories, </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">this theory </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">by Nettler <span class="msoIns">(</span></span>1974) and Reid (1976)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Jessica" datetime="2011-01-23T20:57"></ins></span> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">explains <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Jessica" datetime="2011-01-23T20:57"></ins></span>criminal activity by evaluating the criminal’s environment and their individualism. Sociological Theory proposes that crime is a learned function. The fact that a person may have had a dysfunctional upbringing explains rash social behavior. Problems such as inadequate schooling, economic adversity, and community disorganization all explain reasons why a person may decide to commit crime.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> The Subcultural Theory explains cultural values that may clash because of an irregular upbringing. Such problems as having one parent, being the only child, being a witness to a crime, having parents that where past criminals but tell you not to do the same as they did all have to deal with the Subcultural Theory. The Subcultural Theory usually displays an oxymoron between friend and family that gives the child a false sense of right from wrong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">The Social Labeling Theory contains a sense of </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">labeling people that can turn the person being labeled into the same manner as they say the person should act. For instants, a person that lives in a poor area is labeled as being poor. If this person’s family moved into the area before it became less fortunate then if they had never moved, the family could still be considered middle class. Being misjudged makes people not respond well socially. The Social outcast seems to like the fact that they do not blend into the overall mixture of society.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">Neutralization Techniques develop a distinct set of justifications for their law violating behavior. They conclude that criminals must accept social values before committing crime. The categories are as follows, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4862134914862032054&postID=5669976875275071101">Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of the Victim, Condemnation of Condemners, and Appeal to Higher Loyalties</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">. Results of testing of Neutralization have been inconclusive by this Sykes and Matza’s Theory.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;">The Social Theories represent the fact that all people generally want to be accepted. Grouping a person actually negates there independent thought. The fact of having to perform, act, and qualify the same or above other people makes an over achiever. Grouping people can be good and bad, the good part of it is that they have activities in common with each other; the bad part is that most people like to be individuals when grouped with others the individual has to stand out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;"><b><u>Biological Theories </u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">Biological Theories include</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"> stress, genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities. Biological research provides clues to negative responses to social background. This incumbents problems of misconduct from people that have a good or well upbringing and may experience neural problems, chemical imbalances, and problems that are biological that could affect anger such as uncontrollable pain. The Biological Theory makes violent crime more realistic because the biological factors outweigh the social factors; it explains why the criminal was violent. Genetics play a large role in physical health this may lead us to find cures for people that have neural pathway problems.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;"><b><u>Psychological Theories </u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;">Psychological Theories explain crime is a result of ego or control of sexual aggressive instincts of the ID. The fact that a person who commits a crime is in need of attention, self-gratification or has frustration due to low performance, are not successful in areas of life others do well in, low self esteem, unwillingness to be open about sexual preferences, and people that are showed little love while growing up all may have an altered ID.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Sigmund Fraud explains in his writings that the criminal may suffer from a need to be punished this need alleviates guilty feelings that come from the unconscious mind.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">John Bowlby & Salter – Ainsworth explain that when the infant is removed from their mother at a young age the child then develops a delinquency that leads them to commit crimes repetitively when they become older. The mental wall that they build because of receiving inadequate attention when growing up effects there mental well being when they are grown.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Yochelson and Samenow explain that criminals make the choice to commit crime thus mixing Choice theory with irresponsibility. The fact that they chose to become criminals changes their course of life</span>. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Psychopathy these are people that make crime a way of living. They are considered people that commit crime as a way of work effort to survive; Psychopathy are frequently involved in criminal activities.<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Jessica" datetime="2011-01-23T20:59"></ins></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Anti Social are people that are reckless, who generally fight allot, they have no respect for others or themselves. Anti Social people, do not get along with others thus causing their life relationships such as work, friends, and sibling to dislike them. Anti Social people make friction between them and others everywhere they go. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"><b><u>Social-Psychological Theories </u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> Social - Psychological Theories help explain the bond a person has to society, the way they are effected by others opinions, rewards they get from their behavior, and the way they accept normal actions and reactions.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> The Containment Theory as explained by Walter Reckless displays the external containment of social pressure and institutionalized rules that control crime. If society is integrated, well defined, encourages family discipline, provides proper supervision, provides reinforcement for the positive, and provides accomplishments then crime will be contained.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> The Learning Theory explains that people are attached to family, friends, work relations, and church disappointment of people you are close to result in individuals’ not committing crime. The Learning theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned. Edwin Sutherland explains the fact that a criminal develops deviant behavior from learning from others that teach them criminal activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">In Sutherlands’ study of Learning Theory he recognizes different rules that apply to the <span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:Jessica" datetime="2011-01-23T21:00"></del></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Jessica" datetime="2011-01-23T21:00"></ins>Le</span>arning theory. Sutherland’s findings are that criminal behavior is learned during the process of communicating with others. A subject can be influenced by others to commit crime by intimate social groups. After learning criminal behavior, the techniques of committing crime are also learned. Ways of finding loopholes in the system are learned in order to prevent being caught while committing crimes. All of the thought patterns for learning any other subject are used to evaluate and operate criminal behavior. The time of the association of criminal influences adjusts the severity, frequency, duration, and intensity of the crimes being committed by the subject.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;"><b><u>Mixed Theories </u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large;">The subject often weighs values and needs before committing criminal acts. This allows theories to be mixed in order to explain the exact reasoning behind criminal activities and causation of the criminal act. Many factor are weighed when a criminal is evaluated a psychologist must identify whether the crime was planned or implemented by impulse. Was the criminal mentally ill or did they have something to gain from their criminal act. Let us take for instance a person who steals from several banks. This type of crime allows the psychiatrist to use several theories to explain why the criminal steals from banks. The first theory would lead to Social Theory that the criminal had been taught to steal by parents and siblings from a young age. Another theory may be the Biological Theory the criminal has a problem that they were born with such as (ADD) Attention Deficit Disorder or ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. The fact that the criminal has a biological disorder would then lead the psychologist to believe that the criminal was unable to work thus fulfilling their needs by criminal acts. If the criminal’s parents had a background of thievery, a psychologist could then combine the two theories to make one analysis of the criminal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">A.D.A.M (2010) Antisocial Personality Disorder from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="https://health.google.com/health/ref/Antisocial+personality+disorder"><span style="line-height: 200%;">https://health.google.com/health/ref/Antisocial+personality+disorder</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Greene,Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010) © Cengage Learning, Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Long, Philip W M.D. (2008) Internet Mental Health from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe04.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe04.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-29774579323683746212011-08-15T15:13:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:54:40.043-07:00<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">There are a vast amount of different jobs for Psychologist in the Criminal Justice Field. The jobs explained in this editorial represent the foundations of Psychological evaluations and assessment by the different departments located in the Criminal Justice Field.</span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">There are many areas and fields that use Psychologist on an everyday basis in the United States and in the rest of the world. Some of the Jobs other than social psychological therapy on a private basis are located in the field of Criminal Justice. As explained and recanted many psychological evaluations and experimental jobs are located in the Criminal Justice Field. Criminal Justice agencies need qualified Psychologists to help them evaluate criminals, workers, and prisoners in the law enforcement arena. Let us begin by exploring some of the jobs that exist in each area of Criminal Justice such as Law Enforcement, Courts, and Corrections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"><u><b>Law Enforcement</b></u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"> Psychologists play an important role in the Law Enforcement area of Criminal Justice. They evaluate criminals to find out what their mental state of mind is at the time that they have committed a given crime. This evaluation may lead to the capture of a repeat offender establishing that the criminal has possibly had mental disorders in the past that have been evaluated and attended to on a regular basses. If a criminal leaves a ransom note, you can tell if they are in distress by the type of handwriting that the criminal displays on the note. Psychological disorders such as mental disorders could prohibit the capacity of learning for the criminal. They may not understand that their actions are reckless, dangerous and go against the civil grain of society, such as people that are members of gangs that participate in illegal activities according to Gross and Magaletta (2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Another Law Enforcement job that Psychologists perform is to evaluate Police Officers. Psychologist evaluates Police Officers to recommend them for the Police Force every day. A Police Officer should have many different qualities that are common among the Police Department some of which qualities include being incorruptible, well adjusted, people oriented, free of emotional reaction, and logical, </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Green, Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Psychologist performs interviews that evaluate the stature of Police Officers and the way they respond to their surroundings. Personal interviews, observations, and physical tests all provide good information for the Police Force to make a hiring decision, Green, Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010). Structured interviews provide the Psychologist with a sense of reliability and the validity of their information whether resume or report from the Police Academy. All information that is obtained by the Psychologist is reviewed and later written into a record identifying why the Police Department should hire the applicant or why they should not hire the applicant. Green, Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"><b><u>Courts and Evaluation of Witnesses</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">The Psychologist evaluates witnesses that are brought to court for extraneous reasons. They are called upon to evaluate the sanity of a witness that is brought to trial whether by the prosecution or defence. Problems such as PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) are common disorders that the Psychologist should test for during interviews and assessments. Whether or not the witness is suffering from depression or any other mental barrier that may affect their competency during trial is a decision that the Psychologists needs to make known. Psychologist are also used to identify cases of witnesses that have health and mental problems that exclude them from being able to testify in trail such as a witness clamming to identify another person but the witness has bad eyesight and is unable to confidently identify the suspect. The witness could have a number of problems with their eyesight ranging from glaucoma, color blindness, and blindness that could affect the prosecutions ruling during the court trial. Is the witness a sociopathic liar, a person that cannot be trusted, is this disorder built in to their personality or social being? These are some of the questions that a qualified Psychologist can provide answers for. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">While evaluating child abuse, the Psychologists is to decipher whether there are grounds for a case against the suspect. When a Psychologist evaluates a victim of child abuse, they must enquire a series of questions that eliminate the accusation of false testimony. After evaluating the child’s situation, the recommendation for relocating the child is the next step to evaluating child abuse. Psychologists perform a number of tests on the child, parents, and witnesses that give them information such as emotional state, mental problems, and physical wellness. This information will eventually present the courts with a recommendation, Psychology Information Online.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Child custody is another area that using a Psychologist may be beneficial to the court, while performing an assessment. Families that go through divorce may need a mediator to examine the best solution for the child during the divorce process. In most cases, the Psychologist will offer emotional support to the parents that are obligated to be fair and equal during the litigation of child support. A Psychologist evaluates the parents for any psychological problem that may hinder their parenting decisions: Franklin, Donald PhD, (2010). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;"><b><u>Corrections</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Counselling is a major area of psychology, the different types of counselling such as suicide assessment, improving individual skills, and group skills all build a stronger foundation for the patient. Drugs, abuse, crisis intervention, and the rehabilitation of sex offenders all play an important role for the Corrections Officer and Psychologist that work together helping prisoners deal with social problems in the correctional systems. Other areas of corrections involve the assessment of institutionalized inmates. This involves a number of correctional studies that implement the evaluation of the inmates work environment, how the inmates react to their punishments and how to treat inmates for social and psychological problems. Evaluation of environment adaptation displays how inmates react to other inmates and workers in the prison system. Assessments, studies, and tests absolutely improve the success rate of the overall correctional system. Thomas and Jones (Sept 1999)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Much like a doctor is needed to fix physical problems with the body a Psychologist is needed to fix problems with the brain. There is a need for testers, analyzers, and assessors for studies in the psychological field. Many areas in Criminal Justice have to have on staff Psychologists in order to operate efficiently.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Franklin, Donald PhD, (2010) </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.psychologyinfo.com/forensic/criminal_court.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.psychologyinfo.com/forensic/criminal_court.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA">Green, Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010) © Cengage Learning, Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e</span><span lang="EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA">Gross, Nicole R. / Magaletta, Philip R. Ph.D.(2009)<b><span style="color: #007171;"> </span></b>The National Psychologist,</span><span style="color: black;">Corrections system has career opportunities from source: </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://nationalpsychologist.com/articles/art_v18n2_2.htm"><span lang="EN-US">http://nationalpsychologist.com/articles/art_v18n2_2.htm</span></a></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA">O’Brien, Thomas\ Jones, Derek J. (Sept 1999) American Psychologist News Paper, </span>A Balanced Approach for Corrections Policy Needed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-28017680035196931102011-08-15T15:09:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:54:15.584-07:00The Insanity Ruling<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Looking into the not guilty by reason of insanity or (NGIR) ruling and why or why not the ruling is an obstruction of justice in the courtroom. Many cases involve a preliminary trail to qualify the defendant as being competent enough to attend the trail and understand the verdict and why it was passed to them. The following will show some examples of why people agree and disagree with the court ruling of competency and the history of the NGIR ruling.</span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Mentally ill persons have been recognized since the turn of the fifteenth century in the United States of America, they recognized if a man has killed and was not of proper state of mind, lunacy or a natural fool the person did not have the competency to realize the nature of their crimes. PBS.org (2011) Front Line, A Brief History of Insanity Defense. During the 1500’s British rule created the wild beast test this test consisted of comparing the defendant to an infant or wild beast, if they could not understand the ramifications of their actions the person being examined must have the mentality of a wild beast or infant thus calling them crazy, insane, or lunacy. After their insanity was discovered, the defendant could no longer be tried in the court of law. PBS.org (2011) Front Line, A Brief History of Insanity Defense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Daniel M‘Naghten was a wood cutter that murdered the Secretary to the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel in 1843, M’Naghten believed that the Prime Minister was the cause of his financial down fall in a missed attempt to assassinate the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel’s life was taken. It was ruled that if M’Naghten was not able to tell the difference between right and wrong he was considered mentally ill and not responsible for his actions.Pbs.org (2011) Front Line, A Brief History of insanity Defense.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Only one Percent of all defendant cases consider the insanity rule according to the Answers Encyclopaedia (2011), this means that most defense cases do not even use the plea of insanity. The common rule today for the insanity plea is to meet specific criteria to determine if the defendant is considered insane called the competency test. If the defendant is able to perform the following they are considered component: </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">are able to understand his current legal situation; ability to understand the charges against him; ability to understand the facts relevant to his or her case; ability to understand the legal issues and procedures in his case; ability to understand legal defenses available in his behalf; ability to understand the dispositions, pleas, and penalties possible; ability to appraise the likely outcomes; ability to appraise the roles of defense counsel, prosecuting attorney, the judge, the jury, the witnesses, and the defendant; ability to identify and locate witnesses; ability to relate to defense counsel; ability to trust and to communicate relevantly with his counsel; ability to comprehend instructions and advice; ability to make decisions after receiving advice; ability to maintain a collaborative relationship with his attorney and to help plan legal strategy; ability to follow testimony for contradictions or errors; ability to testify relevantly and be cross-examined if necessary; ability to challenge prosecution witnesses; ability to tolerate stress at the trial and while awaiting trial; ability to refrain from irrational and unmanageable, behaviour during the trial; ability to disclose pertinent facts surrounding the alleged offense; and the ability to protect himself and to utilize the legal safeguards available to him: Green, Edie / Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010). </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Forty-eight out of fifty states have some form of insanity rule in their court system. Insanity rules mean that the defense admits to committing the crime but they cannot be tried because the defendant is not competent enough to stand trial. If the jury does not concur with the defense’s plea, the person will be tried and convicted of their offense. </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Sixty to seventy percent of insanity pleas are cases other than murder: Law.Jrank.org (2011) Insanity Defense. Juries find for only about twenty percent of defenses that plead guilty many insanity pleas are the result of plea-bargaining: Law.Jrank.org (2011) Insanity Defense. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">An argument that can be made is the insanity plea is it a good ideal and why or why not? Throughout history people have sided with the insanity plea simply because it makes no since to punish someone for something that they do not feel sorrowful for. What is the use of punishing some one that is not capable of understanding what they did wrong? It is easier to rehabilitate the person then punish them for their crimes. Some believe that the insanity rule is a hoax created by the defense to escape spending their time in jail. Very few homicide cases use the insanity plea because it is a very hard circumstance to prove in the court of law. The reasoning behind someone committing a crime and the technique involved by their criminal act automatically proves that they are competent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Forensic Psychiatry of the Colorado Mental Health Institute at </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Pueblo performed a case study concerning one hundred and four court cases using the M’Naghten standard of evaluating cases of NGRI AND NIGRIMC. They found that many of the cases came back unsure of mantle illness, as a matter of fact of the acquitted included sexual offenders the highest ratio showed that they were also repeat offenders: </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The Journal of Psychiatry & Law 34/Spring 2006. </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Another study by The Center for Forensic Psychology Ann Arbor Michigan Forensics Hospital showed out of 139 defendants that were selected to be reviewed for insanity 69% male that a whopping 79% were out of work conceding with another 73% that had been repeat offenders. These numbers show us that when the mentally ill are not able to take their medications it leads them to commit criminal acts: North Western University School of Law, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1996).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Whatever the case is the fact that a person has a mental problem makes it hard for the Defense, Prosecution, Judge and Jury to determine whether the person that is being prosecuted is actually mentally ill. Tests have to be preformed and a ruling that the subject has a mental problem that disallows them the competency to understand their actions and comprehend the court case, before being allowed to enter the NGRI sentence. People that falsify the fact that they have mental problems and need help are actually few and far in-between even though the competence screening tests may produce false negatives:</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"> Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010)</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Bonnie, Richard J.; Poythress Norman G.; Hoge, Steven K.; Monahan, John; Eisenberg, Marlene Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Fall96, Vol. 87 Issue 1, p48, 15p, 4 Charts, Decision-Making in Criminal Defense: An Empirical Study of Insanity Pleas and the Impact of Doubted Client Competence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Deseret News.com from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/915172/Counter-bureaucratic-insanity.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.deseretnews.com/article/915172/Counter-bureaucratic-insanity.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Heilbrun, Kirk / Fortune, William H. / Nietzel, Michael T. / (2010) © Cengage Learning, Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">LawJrank.org from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://law.jrank.org/pages/7664/Insanity-Defense-History.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://law.jrank.org/pages/7664/Insanity-Defense-History.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://law.jrank.org/pages/7666/Insanity-Defense-THERE-NEED-INSANITY-DEFENSE.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://law.jrank.org/pages/7666/Insanity-Defense-THERE-NEED-INSANITY-DEFENSE.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">LexisNexis.com from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=7+Am.+J.+L.+and+Med.+237&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=26cedffcc074e9510e6b6a011b4e8a15"><span style="line-height: 200%;">https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=7+Am.+J.+L.+and+Med.+237&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=26cedffcc074e9510e6b6a011b4e8a15</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Miller, Robert D.; Olin, Jonathan; Ball, Elissa M.; Bennett, Charles; Beven, Gary F.; Pitt, Steven E.. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, (Spring2006), Vol. 34 Issue 1, p37-49, 13p, The validity of Colorado not criminally responsible findings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">PBS .Org(2011) from Source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/history.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/history.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/faqs.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/faqs.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/jailed/"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/jailed/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"> and </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/faqs.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/faqs.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Shralow, Donna R.. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Winter1983, Vol. 74 Issue 4, p1334-1352, 19p, FIFTH AMENDMENT--INDEFINITE COMMITMENT OF INSANITY ACQUITTEES AND DUE PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;">Speakout.com from source </span><span lang="EN-CA"><a href="http://www.speakout.com/activism/issue_briefs/1229b-1.html"><span style="line-height: 200%;">http://www.speakout.com/activism/issue_briefs/1229b-1.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-81820351771047729582011-08-15T15:03:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:53:48.631-07:00Psychologist In Jury Selection<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">The differences between the Scientific Jury Selection process and allowing the Defense and Prosecution to select Jurors on their own has changed the way the Defense and Prosecution selects possible Jurors during the voir dire Jury selection. Some Psychologists disagree with the manner of which the Scientific Jury selection is conducted. Most all-major law firm’s use contracted help for Jury selection. Having a proper Jury selection and expert witnesses will help the Prosecution and Defense prove guilt or innocents of a given suspect. Some complain that by having extra Contractors during trial may slow the due process of the trial. This paper is to determine whether Scientific Jury Selection improves the case or not.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Using Psychologists as consultants for jury selection has become a regular procedure for most Attorneys. This gives the client every conceivable chance that they need to win a case even grim cases with troublesome out come. During the Voir Dire process of selecting Jurors attorneys from both sides, the Prosecution, Defense, and the Trial Judge can question the prospective Jurors this is the perfect time to use Contracted Psychologists to help choose what Jurors are best for the trial: Garland, Norman (2006) Criminal Evidence Fifth edition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Now of course the Defense is going to select Jurors that are similar to the Defendant such as job preference, living conditions, place of residence, race and culture, income and social grouping. This way the defendant and the Jurors will have something in common to base their decisions on. The Prosecution wants to expose the victim’s testimony rather than the defendant’s testimony. In this way, the Prosecution will try to obtain a Jury that is against the Defense. They would rather place the people that are complete opposites of the defendant’s life style on the Jury Panel. The Prosecution usually looks for middle-aged business minded people that have no record of wrongdoing. This allows the Prosecution to have an advantage over a defendant that is a non-law abiding citizen, thus selecting good citizens that have no prior records. The Judge is present to mediate the trial keeping the selection of Jurors as even as possible in order to make the judgment fair for both parties allowing the argument and the complaint to be rational, conducting the trial in a civilized manner. Choosing, a verity of people with different cultural backgrounds for the Jury could alter the outcome of the verdict. The Judge has to make sure that the verdict is fair and correct thus excluding any radicals that may hinder the trial process: Hutson, Mathew (2007) Psychology Today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">The Scientific Approach to Jury selection has been around since the early 1970’s. This approach suggests that the people on the Jury are able to effect the trial just as much as the evidence presented during the case. While selecting the Jury a number of Psychological and Social experts are called in to determine who is best suited for the type of trial that they are about to enter. Jury selection has become so involved simply because of the many different types of people that could possibly be chosen to represent the overall public. The process of hiring a Trial Consultant automatically makes your decision for the right Jurors better than average and extends a Jury to be made up of helpful individuals that may have some background or specialty in an area that you want to be examined closely. I think personally that hiring a consultant for Jury selection is a very good idea that increases your chance of winning your court case: Clary, Audrey (2002) Psychologist Villanova University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%;">Others do not like the fact that, if you as a Prosecutor or a Defense have the money you can hire yourself a contracted Psychologist that can work, close with the Lawyer staff to find the best combination of Jurors. The experts provided may make a better trial and can possibly allow the suspect to be let off if evidence is hard to determine. This makes the trial unfair for Defendants with low-income who only have enough to pay the lawyer fee. In this case, the Prosecutor has the ability to alter the trial and thus make it hard for the Defense to prove innocents. Some of the considerations for reforms of Scientific Jury Selection are to outlaw the actual process of using Coaches or Consultants during Jury selection. Another way to limit the Consultants is to restrict the questioning of would be Jurors during the Voir Dire hearing. Reducing the peremptory challenges by the attorneys could also limit the Consultants that are contracted. The fact that the cost of Expert Contractors may be a little much for an average person using Contractors could over whelm the Defensive Attorney by handing them extensive research by the Prosecution during trial: Clary, Audrey (2002) Psychologist Villanova University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large;">Clary, Audrey (2002) Psychologist Villanova University from source <a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200703/unnatural-selection">http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200703/unnatural-selection</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large;">Garland, Norman (2006) Criminal Evidence Fifth edition</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: large;">Hutson, Mathew (2007) Psychology Today from source <a href="http://www.publications.villanova.edu/Concept/2005/jury_selection.pdf">http://www.publications.villanova.edu/Concept/2005/jury_selection.pdf</a></span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4862134914862032054.post-28599379013397820602011-08-14T17:00:00.000-07:002020-03-10T05:53:27.211-07:00Social Theories Explaned<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Thesis</span></u></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Thesis of all of the Social Theories is that people generally want to be accepted by others. Grouping a person actually negates there independent thought. The fact of having to perform, act, and qualify the same or above other people makes an over achiever. Grouping people can be good and bad the good part of it is that they have activities in common with each other the bad part is that most people like to be individuals when grouped with others they have to stand out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
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<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Analysis of Differential Association Theory examined by the works of Edward H. Sutherland</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Analysis of differential Association explains that parents can encourage delinquent behavior by showing their own bad habits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This theory ignores spontaneous acts defining acts as systematic and rational.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Neutralization Theory by David Matza </span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Neutralization Theory states that a law breaker learns and master techniques that neutralize values and attitudes and allow them to drift between illegitimate and conventional behavior.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Criminals<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sometimes voice guilt over acts</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Offenders frequently respect and admire honest law abiding persons</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span>Criminals are not immune to the demand of conformity</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Neutralization Techniques by Sykes and Matza</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Neutralization Techniques develop a distinct set of justifications for their law violating behavior. They conclude that criminals must accept social values before committing crime. The categories are as follows, Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of the Victim, Condemnation of Condemners, Appeal to Higher Loyalties. Results of testing of Neutralization have been inconclusive by this Sykes and Matza’s theory.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Contemporary Social Control Theory by Hirschi</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u>Attachment: </u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Explains that people are attached to family, friends, work relations, and church disappointment of people you are close to result in individuals’ not committing crime. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u>Commitment: </u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Impromptu values of savings and planning for the future make people edgy about committing crimes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u>Heavy Involvement:</u> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Volunteering in social groups allows no time for criminal activity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><u>People Who Live In The Social Setting: </u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">People around your neighborhood that you see every day make it hard for us to commit criminal acts because we do not want to disappoint them we want to be law abiding citizens to please the over all populist.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">Labeling Theory by Raymond Paternostert and Leeann Iovanni</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Labeling people honestly makes them think in the same manner as they say the person should act. This makes them not respond well to people socially. Social out casts they seem to like the fact they do not blend in to the overall mixture of society.</span></div>
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Ron Younghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04141064756566496979noreply@blogger.com0