Justification for the Probation Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool

Justification for the Probation Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and

Un-cool

By Ron Young 

Justification for the Probation Sanction Among residents of Virginia Cool and

Un-cool

Ron Young

The study, “Justification for the Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool”, was performed by Norfolk University in Virginia, (Payne et al, 2003). This report analyzes probation and how comfortable the residents of Virginia are with it, (Payne et al, 2003). The study deals with sentencing justification, deterrence, in-compacitation , and rehabilitation. The study was provided as a telephone survey of 840 registered voters to acquire information on three topics. The first question asks,” How often would they recommend the probation sanction in comparison to other forms of sanctions, (Payne et al, 2003). The second question asks,” How do they justify the sanction relative to justifications for other sanctions?”. The third question asks,” Are their justifications and sentencing recommendations consistent across crimes”, (Payne et al, 2003). The aim for these three questions is to prove that probation sanctions are the correct decision for the justification of sentencing laws that are provided by the state, (Payne et al, 2003). Justifications of punitive measure for the crimes include specific deterrence, general deterrence, retribution, and rehabilitation, (Payne et al, 2003). The punitive measures include keeping the offender from committing another crime, keep others from committing the same crime, punish the offender, and treatment of the offender to prevent them from committing the crime, (Payne et al, 2003).  Justification for the study, “Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool”, allots for Virginia residents to choose whether or not the judicial system is doing their job, (Payne et al, 2003). The major question is if sentencing laws are making a mark in stopping and preventing crime, (Payne et al, 2003).

Criminals usually think they can get away with specific crimes because they are not as serious as other crimes committed by most offenders. The “Justification for the Probation Sanction Among Residents of Virginia Cool and Un-cool”, study follows proper laws and procedures, sentencing rules for these laws include safety laws given to corporations to keep them true to violations that oppose the quality of work, other laws include drunk driving and drug usage, (Payne et al, 2003). Is the sentencing proper across the board for corporations that do not follow proper OSHA laws that enforce safety for those that work on job sites that require helmets, welding shields, chemical outfits, and debris clearance, such as moving trash is one of the question asked in the study, (Alarid, 2013), p. 325, para. 5. Other justifications of crime include drug usage and the sentencing regulations for enforcing regulations for usage and distribution. Are these regulations enforced properly or do they need to make the regulations more strict.  The citizens are queried to answer if the current laws actually keep recidivism away or do they need rehabilitation services to complete the sentencing before probation is offered. In many cases such as the cause of death, sentencing laws are not standardized because death is a more serious offence than that of someone who has simply committed a crime that no one else is hurt by. 

Looking into data can explain about how the area is doing. In the case of the state doing well or not the state happens to be funded by the federal government this means that the federal government actually provides sentencing laws that do not relate to each other. The reasoning behind the sentencing is that drug, driving, and white-collar crimes are treated differently by the courts. The differences between the levels of punishment for sentencing of the crime vary because of the veracity of the crime. If death is involved this automatically turns what may seem to be a low-level crime into a high-level crime. The example used is drunk driving and death caused by drunk driving the penalty for drinking and driving may be a max of five years. The penalty for drinking and driving and manslaughter could be a max of forty-five years. Knowing that the act was not intentional then they may lower the penalty by allowing work programs and possible probation. They could lower the penalty to twenty-five years and work service as a speaker that explains to High school students about how drunk driving can kill.

The evaluators also want to find out how the public’s cultural values, beliefs, morals, and norms affect the sentencing procedure, (Payne et al, 2003). They have  found by other studies that the values seem to change in states with big cities and other states that mostly consist of rural and country areas. For example, New York State being larger than Virginia and having a larger population would have lower stipulations for lesser crimes. Crimes such as drug usage in New York would have lower punishments because of its large metropolis being New York City. In New York the fines and probation regulations would be lesser than the ones of Virginia simply because New York is a larger state than Virginia. Virginia has a couple of smaller cities that are not as large as New York City is, such as Arlington and Richmond, this means the values in New York of course would be lower than the ones in Virginia because of the surplus populace of New York. Having a larger state with more residence changes the ratio that in turn usually lowers the cultural values, beliefs, morals, and norms.

Graphs included with the study that show results

Table 3.      

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003)

Sample Demographics

 

Table 4.

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003)

Recommended Sanctions

Table 5.

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003)

Sanctions by Punishment

References

Alarid , Leanne F. (2013). Community Based Corrections Ninth edition, University of Texas, San Antonio, Wadesworth, Cengage  Learning  20 Davis Drive Belmont , CA 94002-3098 USA, p. 325, para 5.

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003). Justifications for the probation sanction among residents of virginia-cool or un-cool?*. Federal Probation, 67(3), 42-48. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213981149?accountid=34544

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 3. Sample Demographics

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 4. Recommended Sanctions

Payne, B. K., Gainey, R. R., Triplett, R., & Danner, M. J. E. (2003) Table 5. Sanctions by Punishment 

Organization Conflict

                                                                      Organization Conflict

Ron Young

Organizational Behavior

May 13, 2014

Organization Conflict 

Traditional view of conflict was that conflict is considered to be  bad and needed to be resolved as soon as possible. Conflict was considered to be negative viewed by bad attitudes destructive actions and irate actions that made organizations dysfunctional. According to Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., Organized Behavior 15^th edition,” Conflict was a dysfunctional outcome resulting from poor communication, a lack of openness and trust between people, and the failure of managers to be responsive to the needs and aspirations of their employees”, this means that a lack of corporate intervention causes conflict. Conflicts can end up in dangerous interactions such as fights, threats, public disorder and all other kinds of trouble. When faced with conflict the Management should be included in the problem, this way you have a mediator who can solve your problems. Conflict is difficult to avoid, in most cases when there is a situation that cannot be resolved both parties are removed from their area of work and placed at different time schedules or in different areas of the work place. Conflict causes people in the workforce to become uneasy and uptight with each other. In specific instances the employees click up into a team that goes against the other employee or manager that they dislike. In extreme instances, people are fired and then they have to find a place of employment. Improved group and organization performance may help against traditional conflict in the work place Robins & Judge (2013).Poorly paid employees may have more problems with conflict than employees that are paid more.

Human Relations Conflict involves relations between humans. The environment can produce personnel conflict that effect the corporation as a whole. An example of human relations conflict would be the conflict between a high ranked Police Officer who works nights and a lower ranked Police Officer works days. The high ranked Corporal Police Officer asked the lower ranked PFC Police Officer to change shifts. The lower ranked PFC told the higher ranked Corporal that he was not willing to change shifts. This made the higher ranked Corporal Police Officer angry at the lower ranked PFC Police Officer. In return for not exchanging shifts, the Corporal poured bleach into the lower PFC’s locker and ruined his uniform. The two knew who did it, but the Police Officers at the Police station thought that the Corporal took the correct choice of action. The PFC thought this was not the proper way for the higher ranked Corporal to display his anger at him so he broke the Corporals window to his SUV. Yesterday they saw each other in the locker room and got into a pushing match. The Chief saw them get into it with each other and called them in the office for counseling. 

According to Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., Organized Behavior 15^th edition,” The Interactionist view that conflict can stimulate active discussion without spilling over into negative, disruptive emotions is incomplete”, p.448, p. 449.This theory assumes that all conflict is good and produces a positive outcome after the parties involved have settled their differences.

An example of interaction conflict is a Police trainer the shows the Police Officers the best way to handle a house check. Jimmy the SWAT team leader warned Jay about teaching the cadets to first look through a window to find out where sealants would be in the house. Jimmy used to follow that process and look through the window first. One time a gun man was at the window and Jimmy got stuck under the window  ceil while the sealant fired at the other two SWAT members Jimmy said he was never so embarrassed in his life. Jay called a conference with Jimmy and they are talking over new procedures for handling house checks for sealants. After  talking to Jimmy now the SWAT team keeps a person at the rear of the house just in case a back door is involved. The other change, which was the one that Jimmy wanted was no looking through windows during a house entry. 

A functional conflict is one where everyone profits from the conflict. A the Police Chief named  Paul finds out that the Police squad car  that is being bought next month has only 1/8 inch thick steel and it needs to be 4/8 inch thick to protect against gun shots. They figure that the Police Officer that is requesting the change is the Chief but the Commander is the head of the department that purchases vehicles for Annandale County Police department. The Captain said he would not buy the 4/8 inch thick steel vehicles because it is 3 square feet larger and has a higher grade engine, with a larger wheel base. The 4/8 inch thick medal will cost the department 3 million more dollars to maintain and buy. The Captain also complained about the fact if he buys a bigger Police cruiser it would cost 1.2 million dollars more in gas alone. The Police cruisers are sold from Chevy so the Commander called a meeting with the auto dealer Fitzgerald Chevy in Annandale County. They made a deal for five years 12 million dollars Chevy gives them the 4/8 thick steel and V8 engine for 3 million less than cost.

An example of a dysfunctional conflict is one where a vest maker named Marksmanship Corporation  they make nylon teflon bulletproof vests but have a problem merchandising them to hunters. They only sold them at gun shops when the Marksmanship Corporation stock went to an all time low the corporate manager Robert Dewy started to hire instead of fire employees. Robert Dewy owner of the corporation hired merchandising experts to push his product to retail stores, Police forces, and Government contractors. After making changes to the vest to including velcro name and badge information placers they reconstructed the bullet-proofed jackets to possibly have sappy plates installed to stop high powered rifles. This hiring of marketing professionals was a major conflict with the executives because the corporation was losing money at the time they were hired. They thought this would make the corporation loss more money but instead Marksmanship Corporation has become one of the largest tactical corporations in the world.

References

Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A. (2013). Organized Behavior 15^th edition, p. 379, p. 382 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458

Jones, Med (2005). International Institute of Management (IIM), Executive White Paper retrieved from http://www.iim-du.org/dysfunctionalleadershipdysfunctionalorganizations/index.htm

                                                                                          

Leadership: Organizational Behavior

 Leadership

Ron Young

Organizational Behavior

May 06, 2014

According to Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A., Organized Behavior 15^th edition, “The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control”, P. 373. The foundation of the Fiedler’s contingency model is set around three fundamental traits leader, task structure, and position power Frydenberg & Reevy (2011), p.29. The first being leader, the leader represents the degree of witch confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader Robbins & Judge, p.372. Confidence separates good from great leaders.

An example would include an analysis of Ronald Regan and  Barack Obama, they are both political figures that both deserve respect for their leadership skills if the President was not confident in their social and media skills then they would not be able to speak well thus communicating with the public in a format that sounds unsure. If the President is unsure during a major disaster then their followers and Government officials would not take orders from the higher politicians. The Secretary of Defense, Military, Senate, Congress, and Presidential Advisory Board all would develop a inattentive style of treating the President as if he is not in charge of his own Government. This not being sure in serious situations can be disastrous for the President when time is an element of true virtue.

In order to be an effective leader your siblings must trust you. Without trust you cannot be an effective leader the group will not meet expectations and goals. An effective leader is one that is very trust worthy understanding. Those that do not allow others to conference their work to evaluate which systematic processes are engineered better than others make it hard to achieve team goals and proper end results. Efficiency has much to do with effective leadership and trust. Making sure that projects are assigned to the correct personnel such as a Police Chief assigning informative confidential information to a Detective that needs to know what an informer said to the Secret Police. If the Detective was not trusted, they wouldn’t be involved and their not being involved could cause a major problem when they go to make an arrest, the arrest could possibly go wrong if the Detectives did not know that the suspects were heavily armed. Lack of trust can lead Police Officers down a dangerous road that can put their whole team in grave danger.

Respect is earned when dealing with leadership. The aspect of leadership allows for others to respect your decision making. Being respected by others is a necessary trait the leader must be respected by others before they are able to lead. Bad leaders lose respect because they do disrespectful acts. Holding your head up high makes a big difference in the way people perceive who you are. Being disrespected by the ones that work under you takes away from your status as a leader. Leaders must maintain a certain degree of precedence that they are assigning tasks that require being done and the group as a whole has to be able to finish all of their assigned tasks. If they do not respect the leader of the group then the tasks that you have assigned may not be held to as high of a standard as what the supervisors would think of as acceptable.  

Explaining low stress situation and which would be the best method for dealing with a problem either intelligent or experienced I choose experienced because they have most likely already dealt with the problem at hand.

During the issue of finding, a person that has stolen a car an intelligent person would be the best to solve such a crime. During criminal analysis fingerprints, evidence, hair, DNA and other aspects have to be analyzed. The spot of where the vehicle was sitting, what was used to break into the vehicle, how many people participated in the breaking in to the car. When, where, what, how, who, and why all have to be answered before finding the missing vehicle. So the Project Leader or lead Detective would first ask the owner for his license and vehicle registration. Second they would ask when was the last time they saw the vehicle. Third what kind of descriptive information can they provide about the vehicle. Fourth the Detective would ask if there were witnesses to find out how many people were involved with the stealing of the vehicle. Fifth the Detective would ask who would steal the vehicle and find out who is responsible for stealing the vehicle in order to find the suspect. Sixth the Detectives would find out why did they take the vehicle this information would most likely be explained in court.  In this situation, an intelligent person would need to analyze the information while the rest of the team searches for the vehicle. In order to have a complete knowledge of what stage your team is on one must have some kind of overall intelligence. Another case comes up and it happens to be a chase of a robber. In this case having driving experience would help the situation, the Police Office could figure out how to capture the suspect. Experience would tell the Police Officer that is in charge, to chase the suspect forcing them to go to well known roads that they may be able to place spikes or road blocks on. While the Police Officer was radioing in, the car goes toward the interstate and the Police Office in the chase calls ahead to block the entrance to the high way and then has them put spikes in front of a closed in area just ahead. This maneuvering is all form experience that came from training camp and real life chase experiance. 

An example of Transformational Leadership would be a Senor Officer such as a Sergeant teaching a young Cadet Private the ropes of being a Police Officer. They would take them out and then teach them the way to fill out reports, handle situations, and finish his or her rout safely. Transformation is taking on a new cadet and teaching them to do your job by example, such as showing them exactly what to do thus transferring information and skill to the new employee. 

References

Robbins, Stephen P. & Judge, Timothy A. (2013). Organized Behavior 15^th edition, p. 379, p. 382 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458

Frydenberg, E., & Reevy, G. (2011). Personality, Stress, and Coping : Implications for Education. p. 29 Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.

Theoretical Contemporary Criminology

Theoretical Contemporary Criminology

Ron D. Young

December 15, 2014

Abstract

Theoretical contemporary criminology involves the views of past and new analysis scientist and analysis alike test subjects to figure out their mental capacity. How fare can a person go before they become violent, why do people commit crime, what type of people commit crime, how do people respond to situations, and what are the controls that make people civilized are some of the theoretical studies that produce information that explains why a person reacts to a situation in the way that they do. The first type of theoretical exploration of crime came from spirituality. In the middle ages, lords ruled over the lands and proposed that the laws were met by spiritual reconciliation. The people lived by the laws made by the community that followed rules within their religion. These rules made up of reading that have been pasted down from generation to generation required full belief in the religion that they followed most of their rules were punishable by capital punishments that showed the public what happens to you if you break the laws. Most of these laws have value in our society today. In retrospect, the laws had to made more complex because the communities they served became larger. Our modern prison system was actually built around spiritual beliefs of separating the bad from the good as a punishment. In  seventeen nineties the Quakers made up the concept of isolation by only providing a bible the Quakers made the first prisons. Later after many unanswered questions, the theorist started to become festinated with the way criminals think. Newer more explanative studies revealed contemporary methodology that had more precise demonstrations of why civilians commit crime. The main ideals that exaggerated why criminals commit crime are rational choice, deterrence theory, economic model of crime, routine activity theory, cultural conflict theory and subculture theory.

.  

            Rational choice this theory was created by Derrick Cornish and Ronald Clark. Rational choice theory explains how a citizen makes decisions by their situation, influenced by others that are considered to be close to the one that is making the decision. Rational choice theory is classified as Neoclassical theory because of its manner of decision making. This theory explains why people make certain decisions. When faced with an illegal act the ration choice theory has a positive outlook and a negative outlook. When making decisions there are many different there are many different choices to choose from positive and negative. The surroundings, personal background, friends, family, religion, schooling, social being, economic stability and geographical location all sway the decision making process explaining how one may react to situations that occur to do wrong. Other factors of Rational Choice theory include the intent or reason why one might benefit from a criminal act that allows the decision maker to think of how they may be rewarded for the crime they commit. Rational choice also recognizes the reasoning behind breaking the law and what might happen if they were to be caught. The way a person learns can also be a great factor within the rational choice theory if a person is mentally ill or have a learning disorder this will affect the learning process making it hard for them to comprehend wrong from right. Mental disorders can range from schizophrenia to manic pain disorder. These types of disorders and sicknesses can spark a person to do many wrong things including committing homicide and suicide. Mental disorders will most likely disturb the decision maker. Many people do not recognize mental disorders due to the complexity that they present. Mentally ill people look and act just like the ones without mental disorders most likely it takes an event to make them uneven. It has been found that there are also those who are thrill seekers. This type of person does anything to spark adrenalin. The adrenalin rush makes them go further than others to produce this chemical.  Many lifetime criminals participate in crime for two reasons the adrenalin rush and peer pressure. Peer pressure can make for a large amount of problematic issues when the criminal is involved with groups of people such as gang relations the choice to commit crime is ultimately up to the person who is tempted to commit the crime. Peer pressure makes it harder for the subject to back out of committing the crime. Rationalizing criminal activity is a difficult task to take on. When dealing with rational choice theory the subject is considered to be a threat that has to determine what choice to make. When confronted with an opportunity the rational choice theory makes the delivery of thought bringing the capacity of intent to the question of is there a reason that a person may make decisions that do.            Deterrence theory suggests that the decision making process is made upon the rules and laws thus keeping the possible criminal from committing the crime. The harsher the punishment the punishment the less likely the possible criminal will commit a crime. Steep punishments are for more server crimes. Crimes that include homicides, rape, intent to kill, and intent to cause bodily harm are some crimes that bring on more server punishments.  People make decisions that rectify their reasoning this rational choice deterrence goes further than that it deters criminals from committing crime on a large scale. The greater he punishment the more the punishment the more they are to follow the rules and regulations in the area that they live. Severity of the laws has proven over history to be an effective way of deterring crime.  The police presence and intervention makes a large difference in the community. During the Kansas City Missouri, police study the removal and addition of police presence did not stop criminal activity. Overtime the crime rate will plummet thus reducing the percentage of crime. Analysis found that lenient rules promote more crime because arrestees receive less punishment. Being at the midpoint of neoclassical theory deterrence theory revolutionized the way politicians made rules. Before the deterrence theory it was mandated that people follow the rules or be imprisoned most prison sentencing was for the actual crime and the intent of the crime its self. After the deterrence theory, the intent of the crime became just as important as the crime being committed. In most cases by using the method of deterrence, they found that many criminals were stopped while committing crime. This type of proactive   policing causes many to view the police force as being more commutative rather than responding to a police call they simply hired more police officers to patrol the most dangerous areas. Specific studies have concluded that the rise in prison time and the crime rate both intertwine Analysis have proven that the more prison time a criminal may receive the higher rate of reduction occurred. The deterrence theory also suggested that retribution be used to deter crime. Giving harsher penalties in the form of retribution such as community service can drastically reduce petty theft. Being placed under community service is not only embarrassing but also a hard won fact that if you trade work for criminal activity that the criminal would choose a different reward for their efforts. Retribution can cause many problems within the prison system especially if the prisoners do not want to participate in the activities that are assigned to them. This none –participation could lead to more sever prison punishments. Just deserts is a policy that elaborates that those who commit crime deserve to be punished. Under this model many are incarcerated longer sentencing times for petty crimes. This type of sentencing keeps repeat offenders away thus reducing the recidivism rate. When faced with harsh penalties one might think twice before committing a crime. A smaller criminal act may not be worth trouble. In evaluation most people are rationalized thinkers as the justice model shows, if the propose of committing their crime is lesser than what the benefits are then the subject would change their idealism. A great deal of their time is spent contemplating if their situation is worth committing crime over.

            The economic model of crime theory explains that when a person is confronted with the same alternatives they will commit the same acts.  Within the economic model, they propose that people that are in the lower commit more crime than people that are middle class or higher class. In fact this is not true most lower class stick together during hard times while middle and higher class separate. In most situations, those that are found not to have a placement are usually mentally ill. With polices of schizophrenia, Hyper Attention Disorder, Emotional stress disorder, manic headache disorder such as brain tumors, anger disorder,  and other mental illnesses that are sure come from the extent of child hood rearing. Some disorders are reconcilable while most disorders are considered medical with only medications to slow down the process of brain malfunction. The mentally ill gradually declining in mental stability most mentally unstable subjects commit crimes because of loss of control rather than planed intent. Economic stability is one part of crime that will never go away. When a person feels they are understated or left behind the economic winds have passed them by they tend to commit crime as a way to survive. Only a hand full of subjects are actually made to be life time criminals simply because of the stress and pressure of having authority over an area. The criminal calculates what they should do in this type of situation they most often calculate the same when presented the same situation. In the economic model of crime, theory most people located in a specific community will commit the same crime.

            Routine activities theory, also called RAT suggests that people tend to make a routine out of criminal actions. Routine activities theory created by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson explains why criminal delinquency occurs in specific places under the same conditions. The motivation, targets, and absence of possible guardians against violations help possible offenders make their decisions on whether to be delinquent or not. Interest in ones possible criminal self-motivation to become a offender succeeding to criminal activity.  Many motivational individuals may break laws to trend with the people around them. The value of the criminal act is measured by how much energy is spent on the assault or the subsequent crime may be.  The deterrence of breaking the law includes burglar alarms, auto alarms, guards, surveillance cameras, lights, gates, open uncovered spaces. All of these protect possible victims from being sought after by criminals.  Routine criminal activity makes the public aware that there is a problem with their security that allows the place or type of people that are being sought after. This situation calls for special attention by the police department because of the severity of the situation at hand. Most likely, the reported criminals have recidivism they have been put in jail or prison before and are released to the same situation that they were in before being incarcerated. Having the same friends, family members, groupings, social background as before committing a crime the routine criminal will most likely strike in the same places that they had struck before. Routinely burglarizing, robbing, and selling illicit drugs is a way of life for these types. Routine activities theory focuses on predatory violators that are usually perpetrators of victims. Routine activities focus on the redundancy of crime rather than criminals themselves. 

            According to criminologist Thorsten Sellin the creator of Culture Conflict theory he suggested that all societies have normalized propaganda that change from each cultural background. Sellin noticed changes the laws from one culture to the next. What may be against the law in one culture may not be against the law in another. Persons who posses power within the community are able to control the conduct of norms. Powerful people make rules up that suite their type of living style.  When the area is extended with the controllers laws they then take over another area in most cases causing conflict with the old leader. When members of one cultural group migrate to another, the cultural code is broken to adapt to the others rules and laws. The evolution of our own culture explains that the origin changes as they take over other cultures. Sellin uses American Indians as an example because of their laws and rules. American Indians lived in America before Europeans where able to cross the Atlantic Ocean when the first settlers made home in James Town in 1607 the Indians were already their Thanks giving was a feast to commemorate the hard times that the Plymouth colony in 1620 had when they first landed and the Indians taught them how to survive in their new environment. Secondary conflicts such as morals and laws made as the Europeans took over the made the Indians have to adapt or move away. This made many American Indians distained from Europeans and eventually retaliate causing the great Indian wars. The Europeans ways of business producing liquor, and shipping of goods conflicted with the Indians simple life of migration. Eventually the American Indians had to either move to a region of their own or fight for their land. They ended up fighting for their land. Since the European could not stand having the Indians in their culture, they then found a way that both the American Indians and the Europeans descendants could be happy that was by making reserves for the American Indians to live on. This is an excellent example of secondary conflict it explains about culture and what happens when two cultures do not agree with one another.  Culture conflict theory provides boundaries such as New York and immigrants the original New Yorkers thought of immigrants as not as worthy as the first settlers that settled the United States in the sixteen hundreds to the eighteen hundreds. The early settlers complained that the newer nineteen hundred immigrants were taking over the area and the city grew during the nineteen twenties even though work became scarce and everyone blamed it on immigration. While still trying to join in to the normalized crowd the nineteen twenties immigrants started to form gangs and especially the Italians. The laws were made stricter to counter the cultural differences of the original settlers and the new immigrants. As time proceeded, the abolishment of liquor became the result of unruly behavior of the city. Gang violence still increased as illegal liquor sales and gambling became the norm in the city. The police force was increased to keep away violence, vandals, and thieves. The rules continued to change placing call boxes at corners during the great depression and the industrial revolution police communications changed as the CB radio took effect and proactive community policing became the norm. After many years, they found that the immigrants that had first settled in the early nineteen hundreds help build the city while the ones that came during the great depression had a distorted view of America and what stood for. Not formulating to the style of diplomacy that their earlier ancestors had taken on by building the city the later immigrants and the earlier children of the poor immigrants joined to produce crime syndicates. This taking over the city of New York is still in effect today, each area was segregated by individuals from each country they used to live in, these block wars have calmed down but the cultural differences still remains. The subculture of violence theory   was made by Wolfgang in 1958 this theory presents the logic of racism in the world especially black and white Americans. The equality of each citizen was measured by Wolfgang on each subculture this study explains what each subculture is able to get away with without being harmed by civilians in the communities they lived in. Wolfgang studied cases of homicide and found that in the subculture of his dwelling in Philadelphia in the nineteen fifties that whites were able to murder blacks but not the opposite way around.  The proper gander was that in his time period blacks had no supporting groups that made it hard for whites to murder blacks. This is not true in today’s culture that follows laws in a strict manner but in the nineteen fifties if a black murdered a white this became a personal matter that was handled by the local citizens rather than the police and public authorities. Wolfgang found that the crime was measured differently between whites and blacks if a black was to steal from another black this was looked upon as being a none prosecutable offense  but if a black was to steal from a white it was considered as a highly dangerous area for the black to be. In most cases, this is not as truthful today as it was sixty-five years ago.  This theory had many problems with it because even though wolf gang explains cultural indifference he had little clerical value and no subjects to test his theory on. Later they revised Wolfgang’s theory and it was called the Subcultural theory code of the streets in, this theory Elijah Anderson 1994 discovered that instead of cultures being defined as skin color classification that grouping of people were at fault for discrimination against one another. Anderson found that the discriminative groups were not well-educated citizens but the ones that found their selves in hard times while they saw other groups in better situations than themselves. Discriminating against those who are not like themselves but may have a better educational background and a higher social class made the lower class who was socially known as the norm to become more or less discriminative of the higher class none citizens blaming them for taking away their rights to live comfortable. These analysis help explain about how the systematic process of Subcultural Theory came to being by groupings in the streets defining them as hate groups and people with antisocial skills. These groups are traditional opposed by the police and find ways to avoid policies and regulations that allow Americans to have equal rights. Anderson explains that hate groups do not simply exist between races but also sex, religion, and beliefs. There has been  related instances between communities and police such as the Brown  case that started when a police officer used over excessive force on a teenager that made the community riot and cause destruction in New Orleans where a Police officer  shot and killed Michael Brown a high school student for stealing from a local convenience shop.  These controversies will never cease to exist but our views, laws, rights, and protections can possibly stop racially inclined tension. The goal of police is to stop criminals from committing crime they have to be proactive in communities that accept crime and responsive in areas that have less crime. 

References

Charles R. Tittle (2014). Criminal Justice Volume 1, The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change Theoretical Development Criminology     https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_1/02b.pdf

Lisa Landis Murphy, decoding crime Explanations for Criminal Behavior Chapter 3 Mcgraw Hill http://www.ablongman.com/html/productinfo/glick/images/61832_CH03_058-085-r.pdf

 Bernard , Thomas J. & Engel, Robin  S. (2013). ARTICLES CONCEPTUALIZING CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY  http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Conceptualizing_CJ_Theory.pdf

Williams III, Franklin P. & McShane, Marilyn D. (2013) Criminological Theory (6th Edition) higher education Pearson Prentices hall, Upper Saddle River New Jersey, 07458

The Future of Juveniles Prevention

The Future of Juveniles Prevention

Ron Young

Critical Issues In Juvenile Justice

May 05, 2015

 The Future of Juveniles Prevention

An analysis of skills in detention centers Washington County has programs that explain problems with the juvenile detention center, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). This program helps juveniles build skills as writer’s, specialized teachers developed a program that gives the students a helping hand at writing and writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). First, they placed a survey that took quotas of which juveniles would be interested in building their writing skills. The survey took 25 minutes to complete the juveniles answered question such as a sample statement of I enjoy writing, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). The assessment was placed on the Likert scale which is a five point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).

After performing the initial test the juvenile’s quality of writing was measured by a number of questions about how they perform during and their writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). After two weeks spent in the writing class the students participated in an interview and a qualitive open ended survey, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).The results showed that the writing skills of the students were very low and they tend to answer undecided while a higher number were negative towards the building writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).This meant most Juveniles are not enthusiastic about writing, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).

Most Juveniles in the Washington county Juvenile facility were assisted being moderate writers while they are enthusiastic about being published many did not have the skills to write well, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). They instead had moderate writing skills that left an opportunity to improve upon writing skills by attending a workshop.  The study proved that most Juveniles did not receive the education needed to excel in life, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). The study proved that when someone comments positively about the students writing that they seem write more and improve the quality of writing which means that they have not been positively touched by teachers to excel while in juvenile detention or at school, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). This study proves that rehabilitation works when a counselor takes time out to show they care about the quality of life of the juvenile detention teens, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). Although many of the juvenile were below average in academic skills, they still stuck out the writing courses many were assigned as moderate writer by the end of the class the ones that thought they wrote well ended up in the same boat as the ones that thought they wrote poorly. This may have been because of academic literacy was not enforced among the teens and they tend to improve during the 3 month period of the writing class, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).

The future looked bleak with the new design of detention centers taking over and staffing that has to be well qualified. More than none we have found that the simplest effects of juvenile detention has become more than just a line of work but a duty that only some people poses the skills and patients to be qualified to deal with An analysis of skills in detention centers Washington County has programs that explain problems with the juvenile detention center, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). This program helps juveniles build skills as writers specialized teachers developed a program that gives the students a helping hand at writing and writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). First, they placed a survey that took quotas of which juveniles would be interested in building their writing skills. The survey took 25 minutes to complete the juveniles answered question such as a sample statement of I enjoy writing, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). The assessment was placed on the Likert scale which is a five point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).

After performing the initial test the juvenile’s quality of writing was measured by a number of questions about how they perform during and their writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). After two weeks spent in the writing class the students participated in an interview and a qualitive open ended survey, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). The results showed that the writing skills of the students were very low and they tend to answer undecided while a higher number were negative towards the building writing skills, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).This meant most Juveniles are not enthusiastic about writing, (Pytash & Jian, 2014).

Most Juveniles in the Washington county Juvenile facility were assisted being moderate writers while they are enthusiastic about being published many did not have the skills to write well, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). They instead had moderate writing skills that left an opportunity to improve upon writing skills by attending a workshop.  The study proved that most Juveniles did not receive the education needed to excel in life, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). The study proved that when someone comments positively about the students writing that they seem write more and improve the quality of writing which means that they have not been positively touched by teachers to excel while in juvenile detention or at school, (Pytash & Jian, 2014). This study proves that rehabilitation works when a counselor takes time out to show they care about the quality of life of the juvenile detention teens(Pytash & Jian, 2014). Although many of the juvenile were below average in academic skills, they still stuck out the writing courses many were assigned as moderate writer by the end of the class the ones that thought they wrote well ended up in the same boat as the ones that thought they wrote poorly. This may have been because of academic literacy was not enforced among the teens and they tend to improve during the 3 month period of the writing class(Pytash & Jian, 2014).

Teens that are criminally inclined require more programs than adult court allot in other words adult courts are not realistic for juveniles to attend they are only assigned to adult courts when they are considered violent, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014). Scientific reasoning for the future of teens has proven that teens are not fully mentally developed like adults are and need proper guidance in order to become well-rounded adults. (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).

 Teens with developmental problems still have a greater chance to change they can be shaped into responsible adults with participation in rehabilitation programs. In other words, rehabilitation for teens that participate in criminal act is the most likely cure for the juvenile delinquency problem, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014). When adjusting from older rules to newer rules one would find that girls age faster than boys the fact that maturity separates girls from boys because of the ways they grow some analysis wish to separate girls at a younger age than boys, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).

 It seems to be acceptable to have 18 year olds leave juvenile development centers and begin adult prison terms. They have found that many girls can accept prison at the early age of 16 rather than 18. Academic learning and social moral learning for girls happens sooner than what it comes about from boys.  Social and economic freedom causes girls to look for ways to survive earlier than boys. When girls are accused of crime, they are expected to know more about moral differences the hormonal age differential between girls and boys makes for the law official to have higher expectations for girls rather than men, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014). This and the fact that girls look older during their teen age years than boys do because of their hormonal adaptation makes it easy for juvenile court judges to pass teen age girls to adult prisons. 

The brain is complex mental stability among teen age girls is far greater than teen age boys simply because girls look and act older than what boys do, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).  There are incidents of girls that are within age to have children who commit crime while they are actually pregnant these are special cases that need specialized care most pregnancy care for juveniles are in adult prisons. There are little to no programs that specialize on pregnant girls that are of high school age. Separation of pregnant girls from other inmates makes for a better environment for those that are not pregnant.  Many brain studies have explained that teenagers are incompetent of making life-changing decisions if their parents don’t make them for their children, (Zimring &Tanenhaus, 2014).

Early recognition of   skills, wants, desires is of concern by teachers and family members alike to open doors by meeting qualifications that are necessary to make life less complicated. One of the largest life chances that are taken away from teens is education. Parent with low income cannot provide high price education such as schooling for trade school, arts and academic college schooling. Planning and desire can make for an easy way to be successful. Teens that don’t receive the support that they need to be successful are usually left out of the loop and have to find a different route than what they plan for.  Teens that do not accomplish what their friends do feel depressed and left out of the loop. This causes them to have mental breakdowns and look for opportunities that are not academic related.

Gang related activities that involve teens that have one-parent homes or live at halfway houses for those that are confiscated from unfit homes makes teens grow up in bad environments that affect them their whole life. In many aspects the teen or juvenile is less capable of committing advantageous crime because of their underdevelopment teens are considered less of a threat to society this allots juveniles with lower or lessened penalties. The average teen is known to be irresponsible or immature in nature this makes for higher propensities for teens to have less incarceration and increased rehabilitation.  Neuro-immaturity pre Roper vs Simmons renders teens less component to waive Miranda rights, rights to an attorney, offer a confession without council, may become lead into defending themselves, and plea bargain without counsel. For these reasons the judge is considered the parental guidance for juvenile court having on hand legal advisors in defense of juveniles may take away some of the teens stress and pressure allotting them a complete defense against unwanted ad unjust decision making by role model police or judges.

In order to prevent crime among teens they must be taught that criminal actions are wrong. State and federal regulations must be learned at vital ages to in force the laws and rules that teens may break. Programs that teach teens but also have rewards can make a difference in the lives of future teens. Giving college credit or providing outings that involve fun with learning can be a way of reinforcing the teen making them feel valuable to the community by volunteering for detail along side of juveniles who have been through the same issues and problems that every teen may face. A faucet of regulations is not enough to change the thinking pattern of teens that are unsuspecting   targets for criminals, gangs, drug dealers and other groups that prey upon vulnerable teens that could become suspect to crimes because of low morals, low self-esteem, communication barriers, and bad friendship practices. 

These programs must catch the attention of teens and make for understanding. Teens would be unable to comprehend the bar exam but if you related the different law cases to real life situations they might be able to connect the court names with the situations that they protect citizens from. Teens propensity to exaggerate making what they see seem more than what it is. This type of confused thinking without comprehending what is realistically happening can force a judge to be aggressive in their decision making while analyzing positive and negative outcomes one can come to the conclusion that prevention programs are the best way of reversing the juvenile rate incarcerated. Rehabilitation is a harder rout to go through when analyzing the worst fears of juvenile courts.

Changing the thinking process to scare teens into becoming good citizens is not recommended among juvenile counselors because this may attract teens to crime for the thrill of seeing for themselves what the results would be. A mixture of social being, group building, and relationships are the wave of the future of teen prevention programs. Leadership within the community that present information about laws and how they are affecting the community allot teens realistic information about their surroundings. Gang related violence is one of those issues that may be reduced by building a barrier between the gangs and the teens. Gangs recruit by making the teens uncomfortable with their community by enforcing change on the teens such as clothing items, hang out spots, race, color, and even sporting events. Being not included can make teens have low morale. By being included in many events offering a substitute for being outlasted, the teens can then be included in positive events that are provided by the community, police, and state officials.

Schools should anticipate programs that allow teens to express themselves without making it controversial that gang members are not included but reverse the gang activity inviting everyone. In the future of crime prevention of juveniles there are going to be more work opportunities than ever before. Keeping the life of teens free from criminal activity and helping the community deal with juveniles is going to be interactive instead of being only rehabilitative there will be preventive classes and studies. To accommodate the needs of youths one has to look upon leadership of counselors and public officials. Programs are the wave of the future many programs that deal with gang violence and criminal activity. There are many more outlets to explore such as teen pregnancy, school attendance, recreational activities, defacing of personal and public property.

Types of abuse of children are emotional, physical and or sexual, (Lawrence & Hesse, 2010), p.74. Judges use parens patiae in order to reassign living conditions for children that are in abuses situations, (Alarid , 2013), p292, para 1. With the new type of counselor that is mobile and able to comprehend the stress and pressure that teens go through it is the teens and counselors are able to combine resources to keep the level of violence low. First time violators of the law such as criminal offenders should have the most counseling because they are the target youth who can be rehabilitated second and third time juvenile offenders are considered liabilities of society.

According to Salekin, R. T. Conclusion and future directions. In , Forensic evaluation and treatment of juveniles: Innovation and best practice , Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association Salekin, R. T., “favorable impact of the state system may occur through the discretion of a police officer or a juvenile court decision maker”, this type of intervention should be allotted threw the police department to allow officers paid leave of absence to attend counseling sessions with juveniles who have gone through the juvenile court system, (2015), p. 203-206.  By local police participation, they can see the advancement of community’s goals being achieved.  In the future of juvenile rehabilitation, technology will play a far greater role by providing reports from juvenile clinics that deliver forensic treatments to juveniles in need. Life style changes are valuable they might include nutrition, exercise, recreational activities, and volunteering. Mental development and health is another way to reform juveniles into proper citizens.  Programs that stop teens from truancy such as truancy officers and special after school activities can reduce crime among teens. Juvenile crime can cause forms of illiteracy because teens are not attending school to learn basic skills such as math, science, reading, and writing.

Using GPS devices to track youths that do not attend school on regular bases is a way of preventing multiple truancy, (Alarid , 2013), p287, para 2. The teens receive automated wakeup calls and then check in after school. Intake officers and truancy officers roam the areas that teens my hangout at during the day to make sure they are in school and not hanging out with friends. Skipping school is a class C misdemeanor that if habitual can cost up to $500, (Alarid , 2013), p287, para 2.

Adjudication is the process of using juvenile court. Juveniles are offered lawyers but there is no jury, (Alarid , 2013), p28, para 2. Having no jury can offer the judge lead way to presenting juveniles with lowered sentences or participation in programs such as boot camp, group homes, community centers, and voluntary work. Implementing more programs to give juvenile court judges a leverage to assign nonviolent teens to plenty of programs that keep them busy making new friends and finding more self confidence is the goal of the future. Programs that promote social and educational skills can help teens with life.

I know for me, I attended school and my school had the work program while attending the 11^th and 12^th grade. During this time, I was taking classes given by John Marriot to manage hotels and other work opportunities. I then started to work for the local grocery store called Giant Food and learned discipline and work ethics; this replaced having fun hanging out with friends.  My Principle Doctor Dalton did not approve of my friends and wanted me to stayed free of trouble for my last two years of high school. I never fully understood why Principle Dalton was   against my friends he just did not like the influence my friends had on the high school.  The last two periods of school for my junior and senior year, I attended classes for management and began to work for Giant food part time making an average wage in the process. In my opinion I think programs that establish early work produce self discipline that  helps teens with gaining the moral support needed to succeed in life. I also thought that the push for becoming independent by working taught me that life is not a game to taken lightly. Attending above average classes such as English and social studies made me realize that I had more potential that I first thought I had. This change came about because my counselor and father both knew that I was not giving school my full effort. Principle Dalton knew that I was not fully participating in class because I only did as much school work as needed. Before this change I attended no afterschool programs such as track and field and foot that I played for my junior and senior years. I was not as  active in school activities for my freshman  and underclass years, thus finishing home work during school hours meant that I was not attending  the correct classes.

They fix my extensive hanging out with friends, by allotting me to work in the school main office and participating in the work program. What I learned during this period of time is that I really wanted  to attend college so rather than work. I resolved that I was working too hard and needed to focus on building a career doing what I loved which was computer system then. Another issue that was  resolved by my counselor was that I was in remedial classes that I did not deserve to attend so they removed me from remedial class and place me in advanced classes. After becoming certified for management, I then attended the early college program where I learned that academic standards are very important. The future can teach many teens how to conduct themselves in study and personal life. Being a troublemaker and causing problems in the area of learning such as distracting others from learning can make teens turn into juveniles.

The future of juvenile delinquency policing will provide programs such as the work program and other state programs like the early college entry and trade schools that keep older teen busy.  Another program I attended during my Junior year was the writing program just like the one mentioned in the above except I was trained to write about events in ordered format. This program offered during the summer allowed me to take classes about social writing and writing skills. Programs like these and many more provide expertise in many areas that teens do not function well like self-explanatory writing.

Another factor of teen delinquency is drug prevention and rehabilitation. Probationers are placed under strict supervision of probation officers that observe the interactions of juveniles at school and at home, (Gaudio, 2010). Curfews are enforced to keep juveniles that are on probation from violating probation rules, (Gaudio, 2010). School teachers are asked to keep a watchful eye on juveniles that are on probation this allots juvenile probation officers the flexibility of visiting the school or home for weekly interviews. One major issue with drug prevention is that most rehabilitation classes and centers are built for adults and not teens.  Having local teen program for drug intervention and rehabilitation may turn the tide and provide extra support for pressured teens and juveniles. More of a difference can be made by specifying courts for teens such as drug court, mental health courts and administrating community health centers in involving themselves with teens and juveniles.

References

Alarid , Leanne F. (2013). Community Based Corrections Ninth edition, University of Texas, San Antonio, Wadesworth, Cengage  Learning  20 Davis Drive Belmont , CA 94002-3098 USA p. 287 para. 2, p. 292, para 1

                   alekin, R. T. (2015). Conclusion and future directions. In , Forensic evaluation     and treatment of juveniles: Innovation and best practice (pp. 203-206).           Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14595-      011

Gaudio, C. M. (2010). A CALL TO CONGRESS TO GIVE BACK THE FUTURE: END THE 'WAR ON DRUGS' AND ENCOURAGE STATES TO RECONSTRUCT THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM. Family Court Review, 48212.

Lawrence, Richard and Hesse, Mario (2010). Juvenile Justice, the Essentials, Sage Inc. publishing 2455 Teller Road thousand Oaks California, 91320

Pytash, K. E., & Jian, L. (2014). The Writing Dispositions of Youth in a JuveniledetentionCenter. Journal Of Correctional Education, 65(3), 24-42.

Zimring, F. E., & Tanenhaus, D. S. (2014). Choosing the Future for American Juvenile Justice. New York: NYU Press.